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Mountain Life & Work vol. 17 no. 4 Winter, 1942

Mountain Life & Work vol. 17 no. 4 Winter, 1942 Council of the Southern Mountains 400dpi TIFF G4 page images University of Kentucky, Electronic Information Access & Management Center Lexington, Kentucky 2003 mlwv17n40142 These pages may freely searched and displayed. Permission must be received for subsequent distribution in print or electronically. Mountain Life & Work vol. 17 no. 4 Winter, 1942 Council of the Southern Mountains Berea College; Council of the Southern Mountains Berea, Kentucky Winter, 1942 $IMLS This electronic text file was created by Optical Character Recognition (OCR). No corrections have been made to the OCR-ed text and no editing has been done to the content of the original document. Encoding has been done through an automated process using the recommendations for Level 1 of the TEI in Libraries Guidelines. Digital page images are linked to the text file. MOUNTAIN Li FE WORK THE DOCTOR TRIES HIS OWN PRESCRIPTION LUTHER. M. AMBROSE NATIONAL DEFENSE AND MOUNTAIN COMMUNITIES WINTER 1942 VOLUME RV1I NUMBER 4 MOUNTAIN LIFE AND WORK ORGAN OF THE CONFERENCE OF SOUTHERN MOUNTAIN WORKERS IS PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT BEREA, KENTUCKY, Ilk' THE INTER­ EST OF FELLOWSHIP AND MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS AND THE REST OF THE NATION. Editor ___________________ Alva W. Taylor Associate Editor _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Orrin L. Keener Associate Editor ________________ Omega Gentry Contributing Editors Olive D. Campbell Marshall E. Vaugbra Arthur T. McCormack James Still SIGNED ARTICLES ARE NOT NECESSARILY THE EXPRESSION OF EDITORIAL OPINION NOR DO THEY CARRY THE ENDORSEMENT OF THE CONFERENCE. IN THIS ISSUE LAYING FOUNDATIONS FOR PEACE AND SECURITY -Walter W. Sikes 1 NEW EXECUTIVE SECRETARY FOR CONFERENCE OF SOUTHERN MOUNTAIN WORKERS EDITORIAL NOTES THE DOCTOR TRIES HIS OWN PRESCRIPTION A CHALLENGE FOR TODAY NATIONAL DEFENSE AND MOUNTAIN COMMUNITIES A North Carolina Farm School Community -Arthur M. Bannerman 11 A Plateau Farming Community -Eugene Smothers11 A Mining Town -Eugene H. Rainey 12 A Georgia School Community -George C. Bellingrath 15 National Youth Administration -William H. Wooten 15 3 -Luther M. Ambrose 4 --Glyn A. Morris 8 SNOW ON KENTUCKY RIDGE, a linoleum cut UP A KENTUCKY MOUNTAIN COVE CARVING, a poem THE CHRISTIAN RURAL FELLOWSHIP WHAT THEY ARE DOING THE REVIEWING STAND INDEX TO VOLUME XVII -John A. SJelman 111 -Alva W. Taylor -Hope Caler Brown --Orrin L. Keener 22 25 28 SUBSCRIPTION PRICE VLOO PER YEAR, 30 CENTS PER COPY. ISSUED SPRING, SUMMER, FALL, WINTER Entered at the Post Office at Berea, Kentucky, as second class mail matter ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO MOUNTAIN LIFE AND WORK, BEREA, KENTUCKY MOUNTAIN LIFE AND WORK VOLUME XVIT WINTER, 1942 Laying Foundations For Peace and Security In these days of conflict, confusion, and general social dislocation the members of the Conference of Southern Mountain Workers are to meet at Knoxville, March 10-12, for the thirtieth annual sharing of mind with mind and life with life. Those who have been responsible for the program have been made aware again that one of the things most desired and valued in these meetings is the opportunity for fellowship, for meeting of friends and co-workers, for a renewal and enrich­ment of friendships with those whose interests and labors arc similar. Besides these things of the spirit, however, there seemed to be a special need this year-always present in the Southern Mountains but especially acute in these days of international strife; it is that of so understanding the situation in this area and so employing all the resources of the region that the national emergency may not unnecessarily disrupt the creative forces nor frustrate the heal­ing processes now conspiring to relieve the ills and bring social, physical and spiritual health to the people. Or to state the problem positively, it is obvious that a war situation is going to aggravate many of the problems of the area and create others. The special concern of the Knoxville meetings will be to anticipate these adverse tendencies and to plan together toward remedying and avoiding the special evils which this situation threatens. However it is not intended that we shall neglect nose concerns which we have always with us. In fact, these arc not too different sets of problems, but only the same in somewhat different form. "Laying Foundations for Peace and Security" states the central theme of these meetings. It will be developed in platform addresses, round table discussions, and panel presentations. While the Program Committee is not ready, at the moment, to publish the personnel, the details of the pro­gram are pretty clear. 'The opening session Tuesday evening will be NUMBER 4 given to the key-note address. Following a bus­iness session of Wednesday morning, to be largely given to the committee on evaluation of the Adult Education Cooperative Project, the special prob­lems to be faced will be presented by a panel composed of the chairmen of the four discussion groups into which the Conference will divide. For it has seemed to the Program Committee that the concern for laying foundations for peace and se­curity in Southern Appalachia embraces in a special way four aspects of our common life, and that these should be made the focal poi,•ts for our self-examination and cooperative planning at Knoxville. This analysis is not new to members of the Conference, nor are the problems new. Yet perhaps they do loom up afresh in the light of contemporary events. These may be stated in some such manner as this: First, what should be the relationship of our educational institutions to the whole community in our changing society; and in anticipation of the task of post-war reconstruction, what is the proper function of these institutions now? Second, how may we employ with greatest usefulness the health and medical resources of the area, and how may we enhance these resources, such as public health agencies, local health associ­ations, federal and state aids for health? In brief, what are the most creative directions indicated for cooperatively building the health of our people? Third, how can the economic resources of soil, minerals, power and labor be most effectively used to destroy poverty and bring freedom of the spirit to our people? At this particular time how may we best guard against and neutralize de­structive social and economic dislocations? And fourth, how can we best use the resources of the rural and small town churches of the moun­tains to clarify the moral vision of our people and to undcrgird them with spiritual power? How may we relate these churches to the whole com- MOUNTAIN LIFE AND WORK munity, especially through a vitalized education program? These will constitute the grist for round tables Wednesday and part of Thursday morning. A closing platform address will summarize and in­terpret the discussions. These three days will be enriched by periods of worship and devotion, group singing and recre­ation, a moving picture, and as usual, the Fellow­ship Dinner. Those interested in the educational leadership and those in the religious leadership of the Conference will find time as previously to Winter, 1942 share experiences and plans on Wednesday eve­ning following the dinner. In these days of profound spiritual need, of keen hunger for comradeship, of enervating men­tal confusion, it is hoped that these days together at Knoxville will enlighten our minds so that we may understand more fully the demands of the hour, and sharpen our insight so that we may see mere clearly our several individual and corporate tasks for today and the momentous days that lie ahead. WALTER W. SIKES, Chairman Program Committee New Executive Secretary for the Conference o f Southern Mountain Workers With this issue of Mountain Life and Work Dr. that Dr. Taylor, who is so well known to the Alva W. Taylor assumes his responsibility as Conference, is to be Miss Dingman's successor. Editor in Chief which is part of his duties as Exe- Miss Dingman's deep and inclusive devotion to cutive Secretary of the Conference of Southern the varied interests of all members of the Con­ Mountain Workers. He succeeds Miss Helen H. ference has been largely responsible for its ex­ Dingman whose resignation became effective paraded service. Dr. Taylor's wide experience and December 31, 1941. leadership in the area served by the Conference Under the conditions of our more or less Inti- brings confidence not only that there will be a mate fellowship in the Conference, the Executive minimum of disruption because of changing leader­ Board can express freely its sense of loss because ship, but that there will be a continuance of the Miss Dingman has found it necessary to confine Conference's present growth. her work to teaching at Berea College, and at the GLYN MORRIS same time can take much pleasure in announcing Chairman of the Executive Board Winter, 1942 MOUNTAIN LIFE AND WORK Page 3 EDITORIAL NOTES Cooperation is the key word to the new rural life. Cooperation in the marketing of farm pro­ducts has attained a success that is remarkable in both the annals of cooperative enterprise and of American farming. The cooperative idea gave the farmer the telephone and the rural free mail delivery. It is giving him the consolidated school which marks an epoch in rural education, and the hard surfaced road which marks an epoch in rural transportation. These things, all put together, are creating an epoch in American rural life. They are moving it up from the provincial, indi­vidualistic era of the pioneer into an era of social­ized living. As measured alongside other community insti­tutions the average rural church of today belongs to a passing era. School, road, lodge, club and all other rural social interests find their common bond in the community relationship. If par­tizans of concrete, dirt and rock roads each banded themselves into road sects and built competing highways we would have, from the standpoint of social expenditure and community efficiency, a situation not far different from that in rural church life. Or if the schools were built, not upon the basis of a neighborhood of geographical unity, but upon that of partizan educational theory the analogy would be exact. We would not expect as good schools in the one case, nor to get far with road building in the other. It is a moral anomoly that the institutions of that religion which teaches love and brotherhood should resist so stubbornly and remain the only rural social institution built upon schismatic and partizan lines. They ought instead to be the leaders in all that makes for the fraternal and cooperative community and seek to incarnate the spirit of unity and cooperation in effective work­ing organizations in neighborhood life. The rural church is not reaching and influencing the rural youth of the day as it should. "Four million of the fifteen million farm children are pagans," says Charles J. Galpin. Our Protestant denominations arose in response to a demand for the freedom of the individual. They have won their fight in America. I will dare to assert that every valuable thing contributed by each and every one of the great denominations has become the common possession of all. We continue to exist as denominations because of traditions, a sense of group loyalty and large vested interests. No denomination holds a single valuable moral truth that is not a common pos­session. There is not in the things upon which we disagree one thing that will make any man a better Christian, but there is in the things on which we do agree enough to make any man a better Christian-indeed, enough to save the world if only we would get together like good Christians to save it. -ALVA W. TAYLOR Page 4 A sabbatical leave presents an interesting prob­lem in choices, especially after one has no more degree requirements to be worked off. There is travel, writing, research, all of them enticing. Since my teaching job, however, is largely the preparation of teachers for the elementary schools of eastern Kentucky, I decided to use my leave getting some first-hand experience with the prob­lems of the rural teacher and trying to solve them. I decided to apply for a one-room rural school in an isolated community in one of the Kentucky mountain counties with the poorest schools and the lowest salary schedules. Fearing I might be accused of using undue influence with relatives to secure employment if 1 should choose the county of my birth, I turned my attention to my wife's home county. It was at the bottom of the list of Kentucky's counties in taxable wealth per school child in the 1937 report of the State Department of Education. None of my wife's close relatives were on the school board nor was she related to the superintendent. An additional attraction was the fact that we could live with "the folks" and my family could be with me if I were assigned the "home school," or near if I were given some other. In the usual way 1 made application to the board of education of Wolfe County through the Super­intendent of Schools. I asked to be hired for three months and expressed a desire for the worst school in the county. After conference with the superintendent I acceded to his wish that I teach one of the better schools out on the graded road accessible by automobile to other teachers who might wish to visit what he hoped would be a "model" school. After teaching a week in the "better school," I asked the superintendent why the "home school," which I passed on my three-mile walk each morn­ing, had not opened. He said, "I have assigned three teachers there and they have resigned rather than teach it." We decided then that I should take the school nobody wanted; that in case I wanted observers, they could walk in or come in trucks. This decision was made on Friday. On Satur­day and Sunday I visited the homes in the district, took the school census and urged the parents to VLouNrnrn Lwl: AND Wom: The Doctor Tries His Own Prescription LUTHER M. AMBROSE Winter, 1942 send their children to school, and with the help of one mother and her son scrubbed the floors and desks. Two families who had begun sending their children to other schools farther away were glad to bring them back. One divorced mother had her two youngest boys brought back so they could attend, since they were not going to school where they were. THE COMMUNITY To understand the problems it will be necessary to take a glimpse at the community. It consists of twenty homes, nine of them having children of school age; six others have children under school age; five have only adults in the family. The financial support of all comes in whole or in part from the soil. The meagre farm income is supplemented by old age pensions, Spanish Amer­ican War pensions, and day labor. There is one skilled carpenter, one saw-mill operator, one painter, and a blacksmith, all dividing their time between farming and their trades. The average income is about one-third the national average. The soil is about average for the county, the land being about as steep and about as depleted. The children arc for the most part descended from the pioneer families who settled the county over a hundred years ago. All have relatives in the manufacturing centers of Ohio, especially Dayton and Middletown. Most of them have relatives who have attended college at Lee's, Morehead or Berea. There are five radios and two newspapers in the neighborhood. About fifty years ago when this community was no more isolated than any other in the county it was the trading center for a wide area. Dams across Stillwater and Red River produced water power to run flour mills, corn mills, and a carding fac­tory. The Congregational Church supported a rideiit m;nister who conducted weekly church esl services and Sunday School. At one time there were ninety children enrolled in the school. In the 1890's the Rev. H. M. Penniman and a group of Berea workers camped in the community for two weeks, preaching, lecturing, and soliciting students. For years after that there was scarcely a family in \Vinter, 1942 MOUNTAIN LIFE AND WORK Page S the community that did not have some of its young people away in school. Now Bethel Church has fallen into decay; the mill sites have grown up with shrubs and trees; the roads, although no worse now, effectively isolate the community in this age of the auto­mobile; the soil has become poorer through con­tinued cropping and the standard of living has been lowered, at least by contrast with the raised national standard. THE SCHOOLHOUSE The present Bethel schoolhouse was built about sixty years ago to replace the original log structure on the same site. It was painted at one time, but only in protected spots is there any evidence of it today. The weather boarding had been torn off in places, permitting the light (and wind) to come through the cracks in the inside walls. There were three small windows on each side and two in the rear. Most of the glass was in, due to the protecting wooden shutters which could be closed and fastened. No paint had ever brightened the inside walls. The front door had a convenient hole in it through which one could thrust his arm to reach the latch on the inside, which served as the lock. There were a few "patent" desks, most of which would fall down if one sat on them. There was a pile of old church benches which had been brought from the Bethel Church when it ceased to be used for church purposes. There was a pot-bellied unjacketed stove propped up on rocks, and under it an accumulation of ashes from last winter's fires. The sides and ceiling of the room were about covered with mud-daubers' nests. The walls had been painted black at convenient heights to serve as blackboards. There were no chalk trays. The playground consisted of the old roadbed between the schoolhouse and the "branch." A con­siderable portion was overgrown with poison ivy. There were two unsanitary privies but both were effectively screened by shrubbery. The school well had been filled up for years and water was carried from a neighbor's well some distance away. The roof did not leak, except around the flue. THE CHILDREN There were twenty-four children of school age in the district. All were enrolled, even the six­tecn-year-old boy who had been out of school for five years. All above the third grade were given the Stanford Achievement Tests. The nine oldest children were retarded a total of thirty years and two months, or an average of three years and four months each. One boy was retarded eight years. Aside from three families with no near relatives in the community, the rest are related in two dis­tinct groups with only one connection by inter­marriage between them. Ten of the children have the same family name. Although there are two instances of two sisters marrying brothers, there have been no marriages of close relatives. The school history of each child was studied. The Bethel school had a succession of four teachers last year, and for much of the term only three children attended. One of these teachers seldom arrived until after nine and left before two. An­other taught two months and didn't have a broom. In the course of the past five years, the school had had one better than average teacher. After formal and informal testing the children were grouped as follows: 8 beginners 3 second grade 5 third grade 6 fifth grade 1 sixth grade 3 eighth grade The five-year-olds were amused, given color books to keep them busy, given long naps after lunch and encouraged to stay at home. With the six-year-olds were placed two eight-year-olds who had not learned to read. The second grade children had never been taught to write. They could spell orally but could not write the simplest words. In the third grade were placed an eight-year­old, a nine-, an eleven-, a thirteen-, and a sixteen­vear-old. Most of them could pronounce words they knew but could not make out new ones. They were "word callers," not readers. The fifth graders demanded their fifth grade books but quickly discovered they could not read them. They were soon working happily in books of lower grade, as low as third grade level and even doing free reading in first and second grade story books. Page 6 THE ATTACK The first aims were to secure a pride in the school, a desire to attend, and an interest in the school program. After discussion it was decided by the children that they would like to beautify their school house and grounds. The first hour of the day, from eight o'clock to nine, was set aside as Project Hour, although any of the larger boys who wished were permitted to come before eight. I was usually there before seven-thirty. Tools were brought from home-axe, hammers, saw, plane, square, shovel, hoes and rake. We organized into squads which changed from day to day. The poison ivy was grubbed out, some grading done, a gully filled, and a ditch dug to keep the water off the playground. A dam was built across the branch to provide a home for our bull frogs. A foot bridge was built across the branch using two poles from the woods and short pieces of plank. A jumping pit was dug and filled with saw-dust, and poles for high jumping were set up. A see-saw and a swing completed our playground equipment. It was necessary to hire two men to clean out the well. The superintendent sent us some rough lumber for making a well box and for building a cloak room. This was built in front at one side. Some of the lumber was used on the foot bridge. The County Board of Education allowed us some money for paint; friends gave an equal amount. The larger boys did the painting-that is, until their scaffold fell down; then they decided it was wise to ask one of the fathers to come and finish painting the ceiling. The blackboards were re­surfaced with black slating; the walls below the blackboards were painted apple green; the ceilings and space above the blackboards, ivory. The old church benches were in the way. Two of them furnished the lumber for a low table for the beginners and two more when sawed off made benches to match the table. Two others were con­verted into a library table of standard height and two more benches served for seats on either side. The tables were painted red. Book shelves were built to hold about two hundred fifty books which I had brought from my own collection and from the "traveling li­brary" of Berea College. All the patent desks were tightened up and new screws put in as needed. There were not enough seats even when all the first and second grade chil- MOUNTAIN LIFE AND WORK Winter, 1942 dren sat at the little red table; so two other church benches were remodeled to make short seats to put behind the last desk in each row. Two girls selected window curtains from a mail order catalog and made their first order. Two other girls hemmed the curtains, and two boys went to the woods and brought in straight knot­less curtain rods. By this time the children were in the habit of working together, planning their work and evalu­ating their results. Other phases of the school program which called for cooperation were the story hour and the music periods. After each recess some child, each in turn, played a record on the victrola while we all got in a mood for work. The victrola was provided by one of the patrons, and the records by friends outside the community. After the noon recess we devoted thirty minutes to reading and hearing good stories. One of the better readers was per­mitted (after practice) to read to the little children while I read to the larger ones. Once a week each cild was permitted to tell some story he had read hi I during the week. Elections were held every week to select li­brarian, flower committee, water carriers, recep­tion committee, floor sweepers, playground cap­tains, etc. The reception committee had the opportunity of welcoming six teachers from another county, seven from our own county; Mr. Arnold Rose, the County Superintendent; Mr. Frank Smith, itiner­ant recreation leader from the College of Agri­culture, University of Kentucky; the county health nurse, and nine parents. THE SCHOOL NURSE VISITS Knowing in advance that my tenure was to be short in this school, I invited the nurse to visit us early for examinations and inoculations. On the day appointed for the visit one boy stayed away but in his place came all the below-school­age children of the community for typhoid and diphtheria immunization. Since most of these came for the day, the problem of order and quiet was intensified. The parents came after lunch and we put on a program of stories, music, and games until the nurse arrived. The first visit was very successful, for no one refused vaccination. The second visit was planned for the same time the following week. Due to the expected increase \\i,intcr, 1942 MOUNTAIN Li IW: in attendance by parents and little children, an­other program was planned. The nurse had had such difficulty getting her car up the creek and over the mountain that she had arranged to come in on horse back. When she arrived at the end of the good road she found that all the horses were in use, everybody had gone to a "working." We waited and waited, sang another song, told an­other story, played another game, but no nurse came. After the children and parents and babies had all gone the mail boy brought me a card from the nurse, apologizing and promising to be with us on Friday. On Friday we again filled the school house with parents and babies seeking health. Again we waited, and sang, and told stories and played games, and even in desperation sent all under or over school age cut on the playground and tried to teach. When it was evident that no nurse was coming, I dismissed school early and, with my righteous indignation rising to the temperature of the day, walked the three miles out to the road in thirty­five minutes and drove to the county seat to the county health office. I vented my pent up feel­ings, accepted explanations and apologies and a promise to come to Bethel school on Monday. To make sure of transportation I promised to have a horse waiting at Trent, three miles away. AND WORK Before ?Monday it was necessary to get word to the homes that this time the nurse would come without fail. One expectant mother had twice walked the mile and a half over the mountain in the heat of day, carrying one child and having two others under six years of age in tow, and I rather suspected that she would not attempt the trip a third time. So while my wife taught school I rode over the hill and offered this mother a horse to ride. Sure enough, she had decided not to go. But she hastily made the three presentable; then with the mother and one baby on the horse and with me carrying one and leading another, we arrived in time to welcome the nurse and receive the diphtheria immunization. The following week the nurse came again with nothing more eventful than having the father of four children refuse to permit them to be vacci­nated for smallpox. Space does not permit my reporting the results of achievement tests in this and two other schools; the visit to the County Board of Education; the county fair; the problems created by the drouth and dried up wells; the fun of sorghum making and squirrel hunting; the meeting of the Primitive Baptist Association; the speaking tour to get voters interested in the constitutional amendment; or the five successive meals of fried chicken! All in all, it was a rich experience. All of us got some edu­cation! Youth was born to play and enjoy life as the wind was made to blow. Play is not of the devil, as some our Puritan ancestors thought; it is the God-given way to health and happiness for youth. But there is a difference between recreation and dissipation. Recreation means play as a rest from work, an exercise in sociability, and the cultivation of artistic taste. Dissipation is an overdoing of play. It takes its pleasures through artificial stimulation of the appetite, and it enervates the moral tides of healthful living, both physically and morally. Legitimate recreation ends where dissipation begins. It is a striking fact that amusements have always been capitalized by a class that has little regard for morals. The temptation to turn recreation into dissipation is so strong that commercialized recreation almost always tends to become vice, and the ease with which it does become vice has turned its ex­ploitation largely over to those who are willing to profit by vice. Thus it follows that the norms of community control which apply to the selling of food and clothing and books, do not usually apply to the commercialization of amusement. The community needs to keep a hand upon its commercialized recreation. -Alva W. Taylor Page 8 A Challenge GLYN A. make us look to the future with a skeptical eye. In the first place, aside from the present spurt in industry due to defense needs, the employment outlook for youth is not particularly bright, especially for those who ham not had special training. It isn't too good, as a matter of fact, for many college graduates. ,Jobs are scarcer. In the second place a combination of circum­stances falsify us into the belief that all the im­portant things have been accomplished. Our schooling, acquainting us with the course of man's progress, tends to point to the conclusion that all the important things have already been done. The names of the great are numerous, and history presents a galaxy of human achievement. Dis­covering America, flying the Atlantic, discovering the theory of evolution, relativity-these arc all done. Surely we know it all! What more is there? To this point of view, that all the important things have been accomplished, is added a third, which strengthens the second. This is the impact of things upon our daily lives. In our generation we have seen the coming of the automobile and air­plane, the radio, television, and streamlined trains. I can't begin to list the gadgets and conveniences we have: washing machines; electric hair dryers; automatic farm machinery; electric razors; auto­matic shitting for automobiles; mixers of all kinds. Boats can be steered across the Atlantic auto­matically-and even airplanes may be guided with­out human hands. The extend to which man has produced things by which he has mastered the physical universe is overwhelming; it seems impos­sible that anything else needs to be done. Furthermore, it takes a long time to master what is already known before one can start on some­thing else, so that one can feel somewhat pessi­mistic about the possibility of special achievement. One needs an A.B. in order to teach school-an M.A. in order to be a principal. The United States Employment Service lists 25,000 kinds of jobs which are available. Imagine it-25,000 An abridgment of a chapel speech A number of things today MOU\rAIN LIFE AND WORK For Today -"- MORRIS Winter, 194'_ jobs which a person may select from in choosing a specific vocation! What I am emphasizing is that mankind has a lot of knowledge at hand and has a lot of physical things, and hence individual and distinctive achievement in these realms of human experience appears more difficult both be­cause so much must be mastered before starting and because there are so many already at work in these fields of human endeavor. There is another element, too, in the picture which I am trying to present and out of which I hope a challenge will come to you. Because we have made so much progress in the world of things, we have given a false value to these things and are in danger of making them idols before which we fall down and worship. It is ironical, is it not, that in the midst of all this knowledge and the achievements of science, we are at the darkest period in our history? The tendency to believe all things have been ac­complished; the impact of things and the subse­quent materialism-these have affected us, and, perhaps without realizing it, we look to the future with a skeptical eye. But do not be skeptical, young people, for now you are free to pioneer and to accomplish great things in another field, an area in which we have fallen behind. It is not things we need, nor is it lack of facts for which the world suffers; nor need there be unemployment for many youths who will venture to accept the challenge of this age. There is something we do not have which we sorely need; let me call it to your attention. We have neglected to develop the art of using the knowledge and things we have. And this finds its logical expression in our disre­gard for values in areas of life where many are socially and spiritually illiterate. We need young people who will pioneer in the partially charted, but exceedingly difficult, realm of life waiting to be revealed to men. It has to do with a family of conceptions for which I use the term "service,"­creative service, service to mankind. We need young people who will dedicate their brains and ingenuity to devising better ways of living, of human organisation; who, leaving the beaten path will bring out of people the talent and spiritual I I , Vinter, 1942 MOUNTAIN Lwr AND WORi( Page 9 possibilities they possess, thereby creating new pat­ters of happiness and giving experience in new values and in spiritual joy. We need pioneers to show us how to put together in the right combina­tion all the things God has given us and which we don't know how to use wisely. You say, "But we've always done this." We have to a certain extent, but for the most part this sort of thing has been tagged on to others. Now, I say, let us em­phasize it; make it primary-make careers of it; become specialists in it. 'true, these are high sounding phrases-words that I'm sure you have heard before. Let me clothe these words and be specific. The south­eastern states, as you know, have been termed the Nation's economic problem No. 1. Our High­lands are a special part of this problem. Everyone knows that our area is also comparatively wealthy in natural resources and in the possibilities of these resources. We do not need to be economic problem No. l; we could be illustration No. 1 of what abundant rural life in a beautiful setting might be like. It is not impossible. Let me be more specific. The Highlands are waiting for a young man and woman to go up some creek where hills are steep, there to buy 10-20 acres of land, build a comfortable home, and create a life to show what life can be. It isn't more cars, radios, things that we need in the Highlands; they'll help, of course, but we need men and women like Jane Addams, Sir Wilfred Grenfell, John Frederic Oberlin. You say it's not easy? of course it isn't; no pioneering is easy. The Highlands are waiting for young men and women to go there for the sole purpose of re­organizing living on a cooperative basis-as did the fisher folk of Nova Scotia. We do not know how much of the resources of the mountain are wasted by duplicated effort. Many men raise food for a mule that loafs a lot of the year; a com­munity keeps half a dozen mules when there's work for only one. Furthermore, there are food, raw ,materials and manpower-plenty of it-in the mountains, but little children arc in need because their parents arc trying to work alone at a prob­lem which must be solved by communities-and which won't be solved until some of you go back into the far-off places for the sole purpose of or­ganizing and conserving the physical and spiritual resources of our people. The Highlands are waiting for ministers; only one out of fifty churches in the Highlands has a trained minister. In other rural areas it is one in four. Here in our hills are thousands of folks whose ancestors had as active a religious tradi­tion as any group that came to America, who are now without benefit of the organized church. Our people are deeply religious by nature, and many young men have gone from these hills to fill fashionable pulpits in other places. Here in this region of America we spend more for church and school in proportion to income than in any other region. But we need more young men who will make up their minds, now, to get ready for a min­istry in the far-off places in these hills, and who w*I] keep their faces resolutely in that direct* I ion; trained men to pioneer in a new, yet old, kind of church that becomes again the center of the com­ munity, where men and women may meet for play and study and worship, under whose roof will be found generated an abundance of the spirit of Christ. We need ministers who are scholars and workers, who can help a man feed his spirit on Sunday and get the most out of his crop on Monday. We have made great achievement in the realm of medicine, and perhaps some of you young people may be hoping to add to this achievement. Surely we need to know more about many diseases which still baffle mankind. But for us, this is not the pressing problem. The task that waits to be done in the mountains is to get what we already know to the people who need it but can't afford to pay for it. You know as well as I do the dif­ficulty which rural people have in getting adequate medical aid. What we need especially is not to learn more facts but to use what we've got. There isn't time to tell you of a difficulty in getting medical then to come to the country-even though they are guaranteed a reasonable salary. Generally speaking, it seems that every young man prepar­ing for medicine wants to become a successful city surgeon or a research man. Won't some of you young men came back to the hills of this region and minister to the bodies and spirits of our country people? You may not get a large salary to start with, but you'll be contributing to the spirit­ual resources of life and you'll have the love and gratitude of those to whom you minister. And, girls, our nurses arc not trained to work with MouvrAnN Li F AND WORK country people; they arc trained for city service, and city prices. We need in the country more Mary Brcckinridges and Lillian Wa1ds, who will work out a scheme whereby all the Highlands can have nurses and adequate hospitals. And now a word to the school teachers to be. With all our I:nowledge there are still far too many one-room rural schools that destroy human per­sonality. How desperately we need one-room school teachers who will stay in the one-room school long enough to make a good lasting im­pression on the little spirits that come there, hun­gry and eager to grow. In many rural schools only one cut of ten children successfully completes tire eighth grade-in a world which requires all kinds of manual skills as well as knowledge to sur­vive! It is literally true that children in many places in these hills do not have "a chance in the world." We have plenty of school buildings, but few schools. For the little children it is a new teacher every year, because if she's any good at all she'll move to town. How much we need young people who are determined to give themselves to country boys and girls and the community from which they come; who will teach boys and girls, not books; who are challenged by the limitations and the possibilities of a one-room school; who are determined that the school room shall be a place of beauty, and that the children shall be healthy and well-fed and clothed; who purpose that even in a one-room school rural youth will be given' every opportunity to know the manual skills basic to getting a job or running a home or a farm. We need such teachers, but they are not forth­coming. And to eager children who need so many \Vinter, 1942 things we feed the printed page! Not long ago, wav out in the country, 1 saw a young woman teaching youngsters with a watch in her hand so they'd get seven and a half minutes of arithmetic, when what they needed was soap and water. The type of teachers we need are those who will be poets in their appreciation of the country and who will stay there, putting their roots down deep into the life of tire people. No, we do net need achievement in devising or producing things today; nor would we be seriously handicapped if academic research should be temporarily delayed. But we do need to know of better ways of living with what we have. We need pioneers and specialists in the art of living, of service, not production. After the present war boom- if history repeats itself, and if the social and economic prophets are right--we can expect the pains of a contracting economic system, per­haps the final pains of an old order and rebirth of a new. In this new order, perhaps there will be a large place and need for leaders whose special ability will lie along lines of service in the country-who by training and experience have found new ways of making country life abundant. The culture of cities-now to large, and the in­evitable source of so much corruption and con­centration of power-has perhaps reached its zenith. Now we must create a rural civilization of soil and sky and men and God. Then, perhaps, we shall have the democracy that Thomas Jeffer­son dreamed of, that we yearn for, and a firm foun­dation for the life of America. Young people of mountains, I invite you to devote your special talents to this task. From the Russell Safe h'oundation Bulletin for December, 1941 "Mr. Eaton's HANDICRAFTS OF THE SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS has just been chosen as one of the 200 `best made books' of the United States for the 1930-40 decade by the American Institute of Graphic Arts. The books will be displayed in all the capitals and chief cities of South and Central America, and are now being catalogued in Spanish and Portuguese. The distinguished judges were H. W. Kent, formerly secretary of the Metropolitan Museum of Art; Bruce Rogers, possibly the foremos`_ living typographer; and Monroc Wheeler, of the Museum of Modern Art." Vinter, 1942 MOUNTAIN LIFE AND WORK National Defense and Mountain Communities The reports below do not attempt to give a comprehensive interpretation o f the effect o f the Defense Program in the mountains, but simply to indicate what the impact has been on these par­ticular communities as seen by interested moun­tain workers. A NORTH CAROLINA FARM SCHOOL COMMUNITY War conditions are having their effects in the Southern Mountains. Our rural people are get­ting higher prices for their farm products; fam­ilies or members of families are taking advantage of defense jobs and thus are lessening the pressure on the land; sawmills that had not been turning for years are now at work, and many of our young men are enlisting in the armed forces of the nation. From observation and from conver­sations with other people engaged in mountain work, these seem to me to be the general effects of, first, national defense, and now, war. Our mountain people have more money in their pockets than under normal conditions; but of course, they, like everyone else, will also be adversely affected by rising costs of living. Leaving the communities from which our stu­dents come, and examining the school itself, we find the expected results of these conditions. There are not as many older students applying for ad­mission as under normal conditions; as a conse­quence the general age level of the student body is somewhat less than the average for other years. But whether the average student is seventeen or eighteen makes no great difference in a teaching program. From the viewpoint of national emer­gency needs, vocationally trained students are in high demand everywhere. It seems to me, however, that as mountain workers we should not, in these emergency days, lose sight of our long-term objectives. Even though we will be called upon to make extraordinary sacrifices, and even though our normal programs will be temporarily disrupted, peace will one day return again. Students, younger teachers, and com­munity workers will be called into active com­bat-no one of us can forsee his own future, but the work itself will go on. When peace returns thousands of young mountain men will be dis- Page 11 charged from the army and navy and return home. As mountain schools, will we be adaptable enough to meet the educational, moral and spiritual needs of these young men as they face the inevitable problems of readjustment to civilian life? The wheels of industry will slacken and mountain families thrown out of work will return to the old home communities. As community workers or as pastors, will we be ready for them? On the surface, the war will seem to make great changes in the lives of our people, but will fundamental conditions be greatly changed five, ten, or fifteen years hence? There will still be the land and an essentially rural people. The land, moreover, will be crowded then as now. How can we devise means whereby the pressure on the land will be permanently reduced? Can we foster small industries among our mountain com­munities which will add to the cash income of the people? Can we diversify farm economy, find new markets for farm produce, and improve land uilization practices? These are the "eternal ti I I verities" among the mountain people. That they will be affected profoundly, for better or worse, l by the war is difficult to see. It is only by the hardest kind of work, based on sound thinking, that private agencies in cooperation with the government can hope to make life better in the mountains. And there will continue to be social, cultural and spiritual impoverishment as long as there is economic impoverishment. The purpose of the war is to prevent the domination of the world by brutal forces; the purpose of the peace must be to bring about a better way of life for unfortunate people at home as well as abroad. In the midst of whatever temporary disruptions of our normal life the war may bring about, we must not lose sight of tomorrow. Time and life will go on. -Arthur M. Bannerman A PLATEAU FARMING COMMUNITY The National Defense program has created many problems for this small rural community. The beneficial contribution of higher prices for farm products and of increased demand for workers has been more than offset by disinte­grating effects. The rise in prices of farm pro- Page 12 duct and in the local wage scale has been almost completely offset by the rising prices of the few commodities which the families must purchase. Defense jobs outside the area have so decreased the labor power that it is with difficulty that the productive enterprises of the community are carried on. During the recent harvest season it was practically impossible for the farmers to se­cure the extra help needed to save their hay and corn. Many of the improvements on farm and home which the little surplus in farm receipts would allow are impossible because the necessary labor is not available, or because the materials needed, such as fence or roofing, are difficult to secure. And there is every reason to expect that the above situation will become even more com­plex now that we are actually at war. It is going to be increasingly necessary for the community to become self-sufficient, and to do this with greatly reduced labor power. The above situation would not be so bad if those who leave the community for jobs elsewhere were able to save some of their wages and apply the savings to debt reduction or farm and home improvements here. But this is the exception. Temporarily more cash passes through people's hands, but it is difficult to see any permanent benefit. Often the farm is allowed to go un­protected (by cover crops, etc.) so that it becomes less productive for the day when it will be neces­sary for the family once more to gain their sub­sistence from the land. There are some who have sensed this and who feel that their best con­tribution to National Defense is here. They have resisted the lure of high wages and stood by the farm and the community. Looking at the situation from the point of view of the community as a whole and considering its total welfare and its best contribution to the na­tion, we are presented with a very difficult, though probably inevitable, problem. Just when we should be taking advantage of the small measure of in­creased income to strengthen the community for its best contribution during the war effort and for the post-war depression, we are weakened by mi­gration outward and are rendered less able to plan for the problems which will be ours when the mi­gration turns homeward. The difficulty in se­curing the labor needed to do the regular work on the fauns has created a sense of defeatism in many who remain. It is a struggle to keep the pro- MOUNTAIN LIIL AND WORK Winter, 1942 ductive processes going, and no time nor energy remains for those enterprises which would be a partial insurance against the future. Yet this task must be accomplished, along with the regular work and the extra effort in the present emer­gency. The community must adopt as its motto that epitaph on an old New England grave stone: "She did what she couldn't." The selective service has also complicated the situation, and will probably have even larger ef­fect. It seems that our country has supplied its full share of men, and our area of the county more than some others. The best young men, those who were filling places of leadership and respon- sibility in the community organizations and enter­prises, were the first to go, leaving behind those who cannot or will not fill their places. The loss of the leadership of these men in times of emer­gency creates many problems. And there is al­ways the fear that these men will become so un­adjusted to rural community life that they will be lost entirely. Also, the effect on the homes of the boys has a dampening effect on all constructive endeavors. We had set up a homestead project, seeking to give some of our best young men an economic opportunity and an incentive to remain in tile community. Selective service has compelled us to settle families instead. -Eugene Smathers A MINING TOWN One by one the influences of world conditions have penetrated this valley until today the tempo of life is very different from what the writer found it four years ago when first he arrived. At that time work was scarce and men barely made enough to keep their families going A survey revealed that there were 175 children be­tween the ages of four and fourteen. Visitors reported that there were no electric lights, no sanitary facilities, little employment from nearby coal camps, but that there was undernourishment and illness on every hand. The labor controversies were at their height. Neighbor was arrayed against neighbor. Young men longed for some escape. Young women went to the marriage altar freely at an early age, for there was nothing else to do. Most of the means of earning a livelihood had a long waiting-list of applications for any sort of employment. Families waited at home with little interest in the outer world. Problems Winter, 19-12 MOUNTAIN Lm L AND W014LK Page 13 of the valley were grave enough to command all of their attention. Then came the day of the Japanese invasion of China; Italy moved into Africa; Hitler began to defy the world, and France and England in par­ticular. The slow and cautious moves were be­gun by our government. Increases in our armed forces began to offer the opportunity, first to escape and then to serve. The young manhood of our town moved out almost en masse. Employ­ment in the mints is forbidden by law for young men under twenty-one It is from this vast res­ervoir created by our large families that the Defense forces, and now the war time army and navies, have drawn so heavily from this section. This large volunteer force that scuttled our high school and emptied our relief rolls of young men began three years ago. Undoubtedly the financial and social conditions at home were large factors leading to the many volunteers in the Defense period. Two examples from our own group will show this. Four years ago, oddly enough, only one piece of screen wire was found in the old camp and that was a cover for the box of a four­teen-year old boy's pig. Both pig and boy were underfed, a pair of runts with mutual woes. A few weeks ago this boy appeared at a folk game session still small in stature, but the picture of health and cleanliness. With a smile of satisfac- ti he greeted me and explained the transforma- ion, tion from the boy with the pig to the soldier in uniform. The other case had even a sadder background. The mother was mentally un­balanced; the father was a hopeless alchoholic. The lad was a street waif, subsisting from the hand-outs around the dives of a crime center. Now he takes his place along with the million more who arc the comfort of a great democracy that knows it can depend on its youth for protection. When asked how he liked the service he made this s11 ificalit reply: "Anything is better than I had gril 1 1 1 at home." A recent trip to the great naval base at Norfolk, Virginia brought the pleasant view of thousands of cozy, comfortable homes for the families of our men in the navy. There I was informed that a large percentage of the. enlisted personnel came from the mountains, for, said the informant with a sneer, the men near the coast know too much about the hardships and the low rate of pay in the navy. Thought turned to a young man from our mountains who, after having had his rate of pay raised to $36 per month, came home and married his childhood sweetheart, thinking that she could live on his monthly pay in an expensive center such as surrounds naval bases. But now that our govern­ment has these immaculate quarters for the fam­ilies who await word from the men who sail the sea in our defense, one can understand the appeal of better living conditions to our mountain youth who have chosen the navy as a livelihood. Back home we still have the squalid living conditions, made more acute by the great increase in popula­tion and the subsequent housing shortage. With regular work and a growing population, comes prosperity. One of our small stores re­ported the sale of three-thousand dollars worth of Christmas toys and small gifts. During the past year, however, there has been an unprecedented reign of lawlessness, particularly drink and gamb­ling. The lawbreaker is smart; he knows where to find the ready cash which more work brings to us. With the new year a campaign of reform is on here, and we hope to make this valley at least as safe for the parents as the armed forces are for the boys. "Remember Pearl Harbor" is a slogan that for the time at least is unifying our people as nothing else has been able to do. Capital and labor, "society" and dependency are all one in purpose; every one feeling that he must do his or her share to get this most unpleasant situation over with and win the peace for a world of justice and se­curity. Many of the coal camps are successful in getting 100 percent subscriptions to the Red Cross or to the purchase of Defense Stamps and Bonds. The Red Cross cannot begin to supply the ma­terials for work which our women and girls are asking to do. The volunteer enlistments con­tinue. Those of military age who do not volun­teer are quietly setting themselves to the task of being ready for their call to service. The writer has not heard one single rebellious opinion. Our disputes between employers and employees seem to be a thing of the past. The miner has a two year contract and he is anxious to work it. As terrible as war is, the misery is often balanced by a sense of self-respect for both the men in the service and their relatives at home which helps to offset the very great sorrows of separation and dangers that inevitably come. To the humble homes of our valley this is a source of abiding Page 14 MOUNTAIN LIFE AND WORK Winter, 1942 satisfaction. Witness the old grandfather, the oldest man in our church. He has a smile that never wars off for he has three grandsons from one family in our armed forces: one that flies the heavenly blue in a fighter plane; one that com­mands a giant searchlight keeping constant watch over the Panama Canal; one, the youngest-all three are under twenty-one-is helping to train selectees many years older than himself. Being such a fine type of soldier he was chosen as honor guard for the Third Inaugural. As small as Evarts appears on the map, our young men literally encompass the earth in the various branches of service at the moment. They man the batteries on the ice in Alaska and Iceland, they face the blazing sun of the Pacific Tropics, and fought back in the bombers at Pearl Harbor. What is more, these boys come from every type of home life. A red-headed son of a coal miner wished to marry a girl in the first year of high school three years ago, but the couple was per­suaded that they were too young; so he pied him­self away to the army and the Phillipines where he has been helping McArthur get ready for that ordeal for three years. Less than a year ago a boy known for his manly bearing and extreme height was on the high school basket ball team and a most cooperative member of our folk club. The war caught him on Wake Island, and judging from his record at home one can readily imagine the part that he played in that epic struggle. A lad just out of high school helped to build our new buildings three and four years ago. He was happy to find any work at twenty-five cents per hour. Some time later he and an older brother joined the navy together, and since have been gunners on the same gun; they were at Pearl Harbor. Of two other fine young men, another set of brothers, one was the coach and the other a member of a football team. On an occasion when loafers on the side line started trouble, the coach showed his mettle in putting a stop to this lawless­ness. Later, the coach and his brother decided to join the Canadian Air Force. We who knew there are sure that more skill and valor joined that valiant fighting force. Never again can this section be the same, with its provincialism and indifference toward the out- side world and its problems. For years to come I I the epic tales of many lands will be told to the coming generations by such men as are permitted under God to return. Naturally the evil in­fluence of the water front dives near the naval bases and the forbidden centers near army camps will take their awful toll, but much that is good from the outer world has come and will continue to come to our valley. Those of us at home had better get ready for a major social revolution along many lines when the war is over. War, our chief social evil, has a way of un­balancing the scale to the debit side of social values. Our valley has accepted the responsibility of this war from necessity not from choice. Men like the principal of our high school, a veteran of World War I, say that we must prepare to live in a world of peace even while we endure and win a world war. So as he admonishes his teachers not to teach the child to hate any person, we must go along with the adults. Nowhere has the writer heard much of hate for warring nations arrayed against us, even though we must detest the leaders of those nations that have forced this war upon us. The great tragedy of war, of course, is the loss of our loved ones. The loss of prestige at Pearl Harbor and the destruction of scores of our battle-craft are, alike, insignificant as compared to the loss of our young men. Yet, visits in many homes have confirmed the truth that our people are standing firm without complaint, even though a great blow has come to the little old mother or grandmother and sweetheart who must now be content with the letter from the front censored to a very few lines of noncommital information. One takes inspiration for whatever privation may come in a personal way from the little old lady crippled and stooped who said recently, "I have an only son and he is the main support of us in our old age, yet if he can help his country he must go. I could never have him stay home to support dad and me. We will get along some way." In the meantime "Dad" was so crippled that he was too embarrassed to face company, yet he sanction­ed his wife's heroic and sacrificial stand. The effect of the recent social upheaval has been disheartening to the young women. They have not had offered to them the counterpart of the trade school, the CCC camp nor the armed forces. Such war activity as nursing requires years of prepara­tion, and the hospitals of the country have not prepared for this emergency service in sufficient numbers so that the girls can step into the needed \\'intcr, 19-+2 MouN I-AIN Lira AND Woxh Pagc 15 activity as much as they would like. Added to the lack of employment the girl now finds herself without the companionship of the opposite sex. The coal industry is for men only. Our girls have little to look forward to in the home of the average income until they reach the age of mar­riage; and now they are forced to ask if the young men will be killed at the front or if they will find companions elsewhere. The effect on various institutions has been bad. Many of our teachers are now in military service or in war industries; thus the schools suffer. There is a shortage of trained leadership for all of our institutions and this is more true where trained leaders have always been scarce. The financing of local institutions has been affected both ways. Extra money in circulation has helped the faithful few supporters. On the other hand the great appeal for the Red Cross and such agencies has caused many to drop the support of local causes. III some cases this action is sincere in others it is merely an alibi for those who would escape re­sponsibility. The church is not very successful at using war psychology and no doubt will suffer in this crisis. The ideals and doctrines of peace and goodwill seem so far removed from the arena of modern wars that one wonders where the church will end. Certainly it must awake to the needs of the hour and share in all that leads to the support of God and man. As if to show the way in this sad hour, religious and social agencies face an unprecedented chal­lenge from every hand There is the work of rehabilitation for the physically unfit and aid for war victims of many tragic circumstances. Those of us at home need to share with one another and carry on as bravely as the lads at the front or on the rolling waves. The call for comfort to the bereaved was never more urgent. There is an unlimited aced for wholesome, inexpensive recre­ation for all the family to help keep up morale at home. Every one is called upon to fight the enemy of selfishness whenever it raises its ugly head. -Eugene H. Rainey A Gh;O1GIA SCHOOL COMMUNITY The Defense Program has affected the work of Rabun Gap-Nacoochee School very little. In the junior college department the enrollment of boys has decreased slightly due to the fact that some boys who under other circumstances would have entered school have accepted employmeyt in Some defense industry. Someone has said that half the boys who graduated from high school in North. Georgia last year have gone to work for Mr. LeTourneau. (At the large LeTourneau road machinery plant located at Toccoa, Georgia.) The program of adult education has not been disturbed. Two families moved away from the School last year because the men were employed as carpenters in the building of camps. Other families quickly took their places, however, and the program has not suffered in the least. Prospects for next year arc somewhat uncertain, as is everything else in such times as the present. It is the feeling of those connected with the School, however, that even the fact that the United States is now actively participating in hostilities will not make many changes in the work of the school. Enrollment will not be affected to any great ex­tent because the ages of men called into service is above the usual age of students enrolled in this school. High school enrollment will certainly not be decreased and junior college enrollment will not be affected very much. Rabun Gap-Nacoochee School operates a large farm. For some months past we have been chang­ing our farm program with the purpose of "step­ping up" the production of food. It is our plan to intensify these efforts next year in order that the school may plan its role in the food production end of the national war effort. It appears that altogether the service which Rabun Gap-Nacoo­chee School can render may be increased by the present emergency rather than decreased. -George C. Bellingrath NATIONAL YOUTH ADMINISTRATION On July T, 1941, a youth work defense program to provide practical work experience for out-of­school youth and to prepare them for jobs in defense industries was inaugurated by the National Youth Administration as a special undertaking, closely paralleling past operations. This program operates in cooperation with the State Employ­ment Services and the public vocational school systems. Under the defense program the types of jobs available to NYA youth arc concentrated on manual operations in the metal and mechanical fields. The first emphasis is preparation of MOUNTAIN workers to do the jobs required in ship building, aviation, machine tools, and related industries. Defense work shops have been established in many parts of Kentucky to provide training in machine shop, welding, sheet metal, radio, foundry, wood-working, mechanics and power sewing. In these work shops production is or­ganized on a basis similar to that existing in private industry. Large-scale production methods and assembly line techniques are employed wher­ever practicable. To provide training for the maximum number of youths some of these shops are operating on six four-hour shifts a day. About three months are necessary to give a youth the minimum ex­perience required by most defense industries. As many Kentucky youth live too far from NYA shops to come to them daily, resident centers, where young people live as well as work, have been established. These centers, in addition to having well-equipped shops, have heated dorm­itories, mess halls, recreation facilities and a hospital. A resident nurse and visiting physician for each center care for the health of youth work­ers. Defense resident centers are located at Rich­mond, Carrollton, Vine Grove, and Murray. Youth pay for their subsistence at the resident centers by means of a payroll deduction from a gross wage which is slightly larger than the wage pid to non-resident youth. al I The majority of the work shops are non-resident or local in nature. Youth employed on local projects live at home and report for their NYA work in the same manner they would to jobs in private industry. In addition to their practical experience young people employed on the defense program are re­quired to take specific training in shops and classes of the public vocational school systems. These schools provide instruction in technical subjects which have a direct bearing on the occupation for which the youth is preparing. The Congress made available an appropriation to reimburse the local school systems for the cost of providing this classroom instruction to NYA employees. Recommendations of the Employment Service largely determine the types of practical work ex­perience and related training which is made avail­able to the youth employed, these recommenda­tions being based on actual requests from private industry for -workers for given occupations. In LIFE AND WORK Winter, 1942 determining the jobs for which young people are to be fitted, both the immediate and the antici­pated demands of private industry are taken into account. Under this defense program young people de­vote a total of 160 hours per month to work and training. In areas where young people spend 60 hours a month in related training classes conducted by the vocational schools, they work for the Na­tional Youth Administration 100 hours a month, thus bringing to a total of 160 hours the combined amount of paid work and non-paid related train­ing. Young people on local defense projects re­ceive from the National Youth Administration $24 a month. Youth at resident centers receive a gross wage of $30. Young people employed on NYA defense pro­jects produce goods and services for public agencies, particularly national defense agencies. The work shops in Kentucky have turned out field kitchens, tank equipment, filing cabinets, and in­teroffice communication sets for Fort Knox, garbage cans for city sanitation departments, recreational equipment for public park boards, tools and dies for other NYA work shops, and many similar items. Young women as well as young men are em­ployed on the NYA defense program. Jobs for young women parallel those in which women are now regularly employed in national defense in­dustries. These include light machine work, machine inspection work, radio and electrical work, and industrial sewing. Although few young women have been assigned to defense shops in Kentucky, it is anticipated that the future will bring increasing numbers of women workers in NYA shops. A major aim of the defense program is to enable young people to develop a single skill and to do a specific job such as operating a lathe, drill press, or a welder. Safety practices, ability to follow directions, punctuality, and good workmanship are emphasized. In this manner youth are equipped to contribute immediately to increased defense production when they are placed in private industry. The placement of young people in defense in­dustries is handled largely by the public employ­ment offices. The National Youth Administra­tion furnishes the employment offices with records of NYA workers from time to time, noting the Winter, 1942 MouN rnm Lit I- AND WORK Pagc 17 Page 18 MOUNTAIN Lm, AND WORK Winter, 1942 progress they are making and any additional qual­ifications they may be acquiring so that when suitable openings occur they may be referred to private employers who have requested workers with similar qualifications. Defense industries in Kentucky anti many other states have not expanded to the point of needing all of the workers trained in nearby NYA shops and at the same time defense industries in eastern states are actually retarded because they cannot get enough trained workers. This condition led to all inter-state transfer plan which has been developed by the National Youth Administration and the United States Employment Service to bring trained workers and defense jobs together. Already more than 500 Kentucky youth have been transferred from NYA shops to war jobs in New Jersey, Maryland, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. These youth are helping make planes, tanks, guns, submarines, fire extinguishers and other essential war materials. They are doing their share to help win the war and at the same time are being well pid for their effort. Their starting wages range al 1 1 b from 55c to $1 all hour. The majority of these young men never held a full-time job until they began working in a defense plant. Youth selected for this transfer must know how to use certain intricate machinery and tools. If their work experience has been in machine shop, they must be proficient in operating turret lathes, bench lathes, milling machines, shapers, drill presses, and surface grinders. Welders must be able to use both electric and acetylene equipment. Sheet metal and radio workers must be just as ac­complished in the use of the tools of their trades. All of them must have acquired safety habits and must have demonstrated their ability to carry out instructions. They must have had from 160 to 500 hours of actual production work experience in the shop. The number of hours necessary de­pends on the type of work they will do and on the requirements of the industry in which they arc likely to work. They must also pass a rigid physical examination. Youth chosen are transferred directly to NYA resident centers located near industries experienc­ing difficulty in manning their plants sufficiently to turn out tremendous quantities of war ma­terials. Transportation costs to these centers are advanced, providing youths agree to remain at the center at least 15 days and to accept work in a plant engaged in war production. While at the center, they are given intensive work experience along the lines of the training they received in Kentucky shops. Also during that time, they are interviewed by personnel repre­sentatives of near-by industry.- After they get a job, they are provided with transportation to the city where they are to work, and are assisted in finding a place to live. To be eligible for employment under the defense program of the National Youth Administration, young people must be citizens of the United States, 17 through 24 years old, out of school, and in need of jobs. All employees are required to take all oath of allegiance to the United States which also certifies that the job applicant does not ad­vocate overthrow of government by force. In addition to its national defense program the National Youth Administration is continuing on a reduced scale its regular work program designed to prepare out-of-school youth for jobs in private industry and its student program. Much of the practical work experience provided on the regular NYA out-of-school work program is closely re­lated to the needs of national defense. NYA youth arc employed at clerical and other civilian work at military establishments, Selective Service and Tire Rationing Boards, and at offices of governmental and service organizations. They make and serve hot lunches for school children, produce and can food, assist in hospitals, work in shops, and construct buildings. NYA projects usually are planned and initiated in the communities in which they operate to meet definite local needs and are operated under local sponsorship. A nation-wide program to improve the health and physical fitness of young people employed on the out-of-school work program also has been developed by NYA. The health program has three major objectives: 1. A physical appraisal, by means of a tech­nically competent health examination, d° every youth assigned to the NYA out-of­school work program. Correction of health defects through util­ization of community resources aid through developing in youth all interest m improv­ing health by their own personal efforts. Improved technical advice and assistance Winter, 1942 MOUNTAIN Ltrr AND WORK Page 19 with respect to all NYA efforts having a direct and immediate bearing on the health of youth workers, such as nutrition, sanita­tion, physical development and recreation. With the increasing wartime demand for trained workers to man the machines in the nation's in- dustrial plant, the Youth Administration today is emphasizing the further enlargement and im­provement of its defense shops; at the same time, directing its so-called regular program in such a way that this program also will contribute sig­nificantly to the nation's all-out war effort. -William H. Wooten Up A Kentucky Mountain Cove ALVA W. TAYLOR Knox County, Kentucky, furnishes an excellent illustration of the type of community being served by the Save the Children Federation. It is mountainous, with many narrow valleys where the soil is good, but with most of the fields climb­ing up the mountain sides, where the soil is rocky, poor and badly eroded. The Kentucky moun­tains, strange and illogical as it may be are one of the most densely populated areas in rural Amer­ica. The average of population per square mile is 40; in Knox County it is 80 per square mile, not counting the town population. This county had a population of 24,000 in 1930, but numbers grow in these mountains at twice the rate they do in those parts of the same states outside the moun­tains. Then during the depression more than 1,000 families who had gone elsewhere to find a wage moved back to the old home county where the relatives lived and where life was at least familiar, until 32,000 lived within its 325 square in'les. I I Once the people cut timber as well as farmed for a living, and all the world about them dwelt in log cabins, living the life of the home-spun pioneers. But today the timber is gone and with it most of the profits were syphoned off to the cities. The population has doubled while the resources have dwindled. The average crop is ten acres; the average farm income in 1930 was $252 with $100 of that com­ing from wages outside farm work, also every potato and pint of milk raised and consumed was counted in at market price; and the average family is five persons. One-fourth of the families cul­tivated three acres or less-an ample subsistence plot if there were work to do for a steady wage, but there is little or none. In the poorer half of these mountain farm families, 81 percent of the income was spent for food, 6 percent for rent, 4 percent for fuel, 8 percent for clothing, with 1 per cent left for health, culture, insurance and all else. In other words, living stopped for them where it begins for most of us; living stopped with mere existence whereas for most of us it begins with culture after our physical needs are satisfied. This budget allows $20 for clothing five persons for a year, and less than one dollar per week, or about 4! z cents a meal, for food for each. If this is the average, just how the poorer shared-who balanced the better in making the average- is beyond imagination unless one has seen it. Half of them live in one and two rooms; 44 percent of them rent their land, 90 percent of which is slop­ ing hillside and half of it too poor to raise a real crop. The labor required to raise nubbins on these steep slopes would bring a good living on rich bottom land, but a Burbank could not raise corn or potatoes on rock. The corn yield, ac­ cording to the State Department of Agriculture, averages about nine bushels per acre; that of potatoes, nineteen. In all the world there are no more beautiful mountains than our own Appalachians. From the green-clad foot-hills up to the cloud-girt Great Smokies and on over into the azure-robed Blue Ridge, one may ride over winding roads amid a natural beauty that is unsurpassed. But we may paraphrase the old hymn and say, "every prospect pleases and only homes are vile"-not all the homes of course, for a majority of them are clean and wholesome-but listen to Dr. John Gross, MOUNTAIN LIFE AND WORK who gave seventeen years to the work of a mission college in the Kentucky mountains: "The squalor and poverty into which the mountains of Ken­tucky are plunged beggar description. A trip through the region shows that many kinds of structures-stables, pole pens with roofs, dilap­idated, abandoned houses-offer shelter to the many families who have recently returned to the land or to the poorer families who never left."=~- The writer took a party interested in mountain children on a four-day tour of the centers of Save the Children Federation in the Cumberland Moun­tains of Kentucky and Tennessee. After an inter­view with Dr. Gross, quoted above, we drove eighteen miles up a valley, made lovely by its tree-clad hill sides, which bears the malodorous name of Stinking Creek, because in the early days when wild animals came to the stream to drink so many of them perished in it. It deserves some aesthetic name today but old names, like old customs, cling long in the mountains. The cildren in the new consolidated school on the hi 1 1 roadway down at the end of the valley look ashamed when they have to confess that their home is on this creek. Our auto purred smoothly over the pavement built by state and federal funds between county seats; then purred grudgingly for a few miles as we turned off onto the road being constructed up the narrow valley by the WPA. Soon we came to the end of the gravel, where thirty or forty men on work relief were breaking great rocks, weighing tons, with pick and crow bar, grading down the mountain side, bringing down the high places and leveling up the low, to make a highway for men. With the exception of the foreman, who lived in the county seat, not one of them looked strong. They were lean and brown, many of them unshaven for two or three days, all of them working at the beggarly wage of $19 per month allowed in the South. The work of mercy done by Save the Children has reached into most of their homes with shoes to take other­wise bare feet to school when frost comes; with warm clothing for shivering little limbs, cod liver oil for the anaemic baby, text books for Johnny and Mary, who were trying to learn without them; and with always a hand of warm friendship, which is appreciated as much as the material aid, for these mountain people are the friendliest of folk once their suspicion of the "stranger" is broken Mountain Life anti Work, July 1934 P. 1. Winter, 1942 through. In the lives of these men isolated in the narrow valley or the deeper coves, there are volumes of mountain lore, the folk lore of five generations on their lips; the fundamentalist faith of Calvanistic forebears in their hearts; there are rude log or slab-sided cabins for their homes; a network of family life merging over into clans; a simple honesty sometimes turned into shrewd bargain-driving and even occasionally into law­breaking when poverty drives morality to despair; but all were eager to work for the support of their many children, whom they love with a devotion that gives deep-driven roots of stability to their rather Puritan codes. Bumping into chuck holes and dodging rocks we ambled over several miles of the old mountain road until we came to the logs over which one crossed the creek to reach the pathway up Brown's Branch. First we stopped for a chat with the widow and her six children who live in a three­room house hard by the side of the road and who with her whole brood gave us polite and warm welcome to her bare-floored cabin with news­paper-covered walls. The little barefoot six­year-old, after much pleading, was induced to stand in the sun while a kodak snap was taken, and six-foot Bill "traipsed" up from the corn patch in his blue jeans, smiling, blue eyed, seven­teen, the squirrel rifle under his arm, willing to answer questions but to make no remarks. The Social Security program has made provision for the help of widows like this one, but Kentucky, boasting of her low tax rates, had so far failed to give the cooperation required to secure the help for her widowed mothers, and charity must lend a hand to the family with only a little garden patch and such occasional small wages as a remote and poverty stricken neighborhood can give. Parking the car on a ledge by the side of the narrow road we negotiated the swaying thirty­foot log across what is a rushing little stream in the rainy season and started our survey of Brown's Branch. Within a mile and a half there were seven cabins but not a window pane; two had not even an opening in the walls except the doors. This cove is like some others in these mountains rarely seen by the outside world but inhabited by thousands of blue-eyed children of the purest Anglo-Saxon blood, barefoot, tousled, under­weight through lack of a balanced ration, but with as good native stuff in them as in yours and mine \V'intcr, 1942 MOUNTAIN Lirs AND WORK Page 21 if only they had a chance. The Branch was dry but becomes a rocky torrent when the big rains fall; the corn rows, with two exceptions, where there was a bit of flat land along the creek, climbed up rocky hillsides at an angle of 40 per­cent; around most of the cabins there were a few fruit trees. scraggly and unacquainted with either the pruning hook or the spray gun; at half the homes there was a thin pig or two, at most of them a few chickens, and at only two of them a cow. At our last cabin lived the old grandfather, the oldest of the clan that gives the cove its name and related to every family living in it. He was 77, wiry, eager to talk, and had been the "mid- wife" for most of the babies born in the cove. "I have kotched ninety-two," he said "and never lost a one." "He has helped with all my six," said the blond and comely young mother within, not Whittle, whittle all day long, Whittle, with a happy song: Bit by bit we take them down From apple tree so hard and sound. Fashion with a knife the block; Oh, it wouldn't do to stop 'Til at last the work's complete, Shavings round us in a heap. Thrilling is the work by hand, Done to fill the world's demand. A11 impressions from the mind, In these carvings you will find. Takes our minds from worldly care While we carve an Angel fair, Fills us with a thought divine, Makes us want to be more kind. Then the carving of the Child, On it meditate awhile: Worthy of the best of skill, Fashioned with a tender will, CARVING over thirty, who would soon need his help for another. Her pale young husband welcomed us with courtly hospitality, sitting ill and hollow­eyed by the bed. "I get some WPA road work when I am able," he said. It was many miles down to where the job could be found and the long walk to and from work had to be added to the daily labor. There were children in every home but not one in school yet, though it had been open three weeks, a mile and a half away and across the quaking logs that spanned the little river. All excused the dereliction-Mary had a cold, Willie cut his foot, none had shoes, all lacked clothes and books. "Yes," they would "send them if Save the Chil­dren would help." And it will help only if they are sent, for that is its chief mission-to keep these promising but poverty-ridden little ones in school in the faith that in education is their greatest hope. Carved from best of holly tree, Oh, may it then a symbol be­The wood so white, The Child so pure. To carve a cat to show content, To me, that is a day well spent. To carve a curve with patient care, For some to see the labor there. To carve a birdie on a rock, Pausing in flight to a high tree top, Makes me think, oh lovely thing, She's looking for a place to sing. One by one my blocks take shape. Then I hardly dare to wait For the comment of my friends When they see where whittling ends. Shavings, shavings all around, Sweep them up in one great mound; On the table now we see Lines and curves where once were these. Hope Cater Brown, Carver Page 22 MOUNTAIN LIFT. AND WORK ~'he Christian Rural Fellowship Notes from the Nashville Conference ORRIN L. The Christian Rural Fellowship, non-dcnom­inational and international, attempts to tie to­gether the rural leaders in all lands in the interest of a Christian rural civilization. Its work is carried on through a monthly bulletin, news let­ters, and Agricultural Mission Notes, all edited by Dr. John H. Reisner; and through annual conven­tions and state or regional conferences. Following are brief notes on the two-day proceedings at Nashville. Discussing "The Christian's Relation to the Land," Mr. Brooks Hays, of the Rural Rehabilita­tion Division, Farm Security Administration, said in part: In the first place a Christian should not want to own too much of the land, because there is a limited amount of it. Land scarcity is at the basis of the problem of surplus population in the South today. In seeking to acquire too much, many a man wears himself out and succeeds only in definitely acquiring a more or less permanent right to occupy an area six feet long and three feet wide. Secondly, the Christian owner should respect the cultivator of the soil. He should be interested not in exploiting hired help or tenants, but in the good life for the family of him who works the S*I, dividing the profits of cultivation with thcn-i ol I I I on an equitable basis. The man who took less than the customary share of the crop and event­ ually came to be known as "One-Fifth Johnson" had not only richer lands and better tenants but a richer life by any method of measuring it. Thirdly, a Christian tenant should respect the owner of the land. The golden rule must work here, too. He should be a conservator of the fertility and the physical values of the land, and should be deserving of security of tenure. Tenant and owner and society should work together to get rid of the system that makes one-third or more families move every year. Fourthly, all Christians should unite in building a national policy which makes for justice for all. It is not justice that 31 percent of our population who live on farms should receive only 9 percent KEENER Winter, 1942 of the national income. All are interdependent. We must recognize the inter-group, inter sectIional, international relationships. The land belongs to God; it is for the use of society. "A Rural Church Program that Makes Religion the Qualifying Factor in Every Experience in Life" was the subject of a paper by Eugene Smathers of Big Lick, Tennessee. The following are some of the points made in his presentation: The church should make possible the realization of the inherent possibilities of the community. The rural church should be to the community what the farm home is to the farmstead: recognizing children as of primary importance; interested in the development of the whole personality; a source of the finest ideals. It should unify the whole life of the community. The controlling concern should be, not the in­stitution and what is happening to it, but life, community life: "Except a church be willing to lose itself for my sake . . . ." When a church be­comes concerned with all of life, the contrast between the sacred and secular will disappear. In the church worship service, the worship should impart significance to the daily tasks of life. Hymns should mirror a broader outline, and the vocabulary of some should be recast in terms of rural life. Evangelism should not stress the salvation of the individual as apart from the community, but must boldly proclaim the call of Christ to build the Christian community. The church must pro­vide encouragement and inspiration and help to those in need of them. The church must help the community become a cooperative enterprise. As in the early pioneer community, there must be the motive of helpful­ness. The church must get the cooperative spirit, and then practice what it preaches-in cooper­ation with other churches and other agencies of service. It will not do what others are doing or are willing to do, but all will work together for the common good. Such a church must have a family-centered pro­gram. In the family, the child will be the center V'intcr, 1942 Mouxrnmr Lrnr AND WORK Page 23 -"Give every child his due." The church will help prepare young people for marriage and family life. The community serving church must strive to meet all the needs of all the people. Its health program mast aim at wholeness of body and of mind. Its attention to recreation must not stop merely with condemning all the existing types; it must provsde better forms of recreational activ­ities for all age levels. In the economic field, the church leaders should be informed; they should know and work with their allies in the 4-H Club work, the F.S.A., the College of Agriculture, the local and county land­use planning groups. The church should study the community and its needs. If possible it should help young people who wish to marry and settle down in the community to get land and establish homesteads. It must teach stewardship, stressing that all things come from God-fertility, ability, time, all. The Lord's Acre movement will help much in this aspect of the work. In all it does the rural church must seek to dig­nify rural living and farm life. It must keep the community conscious of the broader ethical impli­cations of agriculture. In the discussion following, it was pointed out that to do the job would require able, determined, long-time effort on the part of the rural minister. No fly-by-night leadership will succeed. The man seeking promotion out of the community might build up an institution (add to numbers) but he will not build a Christian community. What is needed in those who are to serve rural areas today is not the faith of inaction, but the courage to live note. The type of courage needed is neither physical courage nor the courage that comes from faith in abstract principles, but the "courage of imperfection"-the courage by which pile dares to do and to be imperfectly; to do and to be, knowing that he will make mistakes, and yet to strive on, with supreme confidence in the worthwhileness of the cause and in the ultimate outcome. l Blessed are those who feel a spiritual need; the Kingdom of heaven belongs to them. "The Significance to Rural Religion and the Rural Church of So-called Secular Agencies Re­lated to Agriculture, the Home and Rural Life" was the theme discussed by Dr. ,J. Robert Har­greaves, counsellor of the National Committee for Cooperation in Character Education. Notes on Dr. Hargreaves' address included the following: Religion is that which holds a man in line for the fulfillment of his life here and hereafter. The expectancy has been that the minister would minister to the whole man, but the church has not measured up. Other agencies have come in and are rendering some of the necessary services. Child guidance, parent education and other agencies have a Christian origin and inspiration. For example, Christianity says to the teacher, there is a fuller life possible for young people: the work of the 4-H Club results. All these agencies were inspired by the church and are the grown children of the Christian faith. The Church should recognize its children as a father does his grown sons who have gone into different professions. To illustrate: the 4-H Club boys and girls should be invited to have a special part in the observerance of Rural Life Sunday. In the field of character education, teachers are motivated by the same principles as preachers are. For twenty-five or thirty years this kind of a revival has been going on. The Church must learn how to adjust to its own triumphs. In the Farm Security program, money is only the springboard. The farmer is "accused of righteousness." The Agency suggests things which some others are doing and tells of the results. As a consequence, more farmers try it. How shall the church adjust to the F.S.A.? How get the deeper confidence of farmers in the church? Through co­operation and understanding. In one case the F.S.A. sent letters to borrowers stating that it was expected some of the increased farm income would be given to the church, because churches were es­sential to community well-being. Christianity has produced many specialists in different lines who are available to help the church in its program, but many rural ministers do not know of their availability. Such informa­tion should be made available to all rural min­isters, telling them about the services which the F.S.A., the F.C.A., cooperative organizations, child guidance and other organizations, are in a position to render. The church should cooperate with the tax­supported institutions and recognize the non­ecclesiastical Christian ferment that is at work. All those who are serving to build the Kingdom should be considered as brothers on a plane with ministers. And theological seminaries should so plan that those in training for the rural ministry will study about such Christian triumphs as the work being done by the best agricultural extension departments just the same as they require study of church history or literature on character edu­cation. At one session four young people spoke on "The Kind of Church I Would Like to Have in my Rural Community." The first speaker appeared to be very proud of her Iowa church. Its member­ship numbered 400 in a town of 500 population, with a parish reaching out for a radius of about five miles. There were in the church 75 young people between the ages of 17 and 25. The Sun­day School was conducted wholly by lay people. Every group that had weekly meetings had de­votions. There were parties, games, a roller­skating night, and other activities for the young people's recreation. The church raised $1400 for the cause of missions last year, besides boxes of clothing, etc. From 600 to 1000 sit down to eat together at special celebrational occasions. In contrast with the recreational program of this church, another young woman, from Virginia, said her church was active but that there was not in the whole county a single ideal place of amuse­ment for young people. During the week the Sun­day School rooms of her church stood empty and unused. A New York state young woman voiced her desire for a community church that would be a social center for the community; one that would cooperate with all other social agencies; one that would give religious instruction from the Bible­none of which things was being done in her church. There were no opportunities for recreational activities for youth in many rural communities in her county, she said; she thought the church ought to recognize the need and meet it. A Michigan young man told of the change that had come in his community with the organization of a young people's group that meets at the church Sunday evenings for a fellowship dinner, singing, a devotional service, and a program on young people's problems. The guidance is provided by students from a teachers college a few milts away. Although only two years old, the group has organ­ized a choir of twenty-five members; has con­ducted a survey of their community; has drawn in young people from other communities and in­terested them in church-one boy came who said MOUNTAIN LIFE AND WORK Winter, 1942 he had never been to a church before. The group promoted a father and sons' banquet attended by a hundred-"the old church was packed." As one listened, he could not help but believe that if our young people only had sympathetic leadership and a chance, they would build the kingdom of God on earth. Points made in other addresses included these: The health of the rural community must have more attention. The loss due to malaria in a single year has been estimated as $500,000,000. Land speculation must be outlawed. Eighty per­cent of Georgia mortgages over a twenty-year period went to the mortgagee, and the owners lose out. Rural life cannot be vital and strong unless the rate of farm tenancy can be reduced. The loss of 50,000,000 acres of land down the Mississippi affects the well-being of our people and our democracy. The loss of natural resources is not all. There has come a religious loss due to sectarian con­troversy and denominational strife. The words of the Negro spiritual are not, "Lord, I want to be a Baptist in-a my heart," or "I want to be a Methodist in-a my heart," but, "Lord, I want to be a Christian in-a my heart." Rural life, with leadership and help, can rebuild a better civilization. There are grounds for hope that this will be done. The Government is help­ing agriculture get a fairer share of the national income. The program is being democratically controlled, farmers are sharing in the policy-mak­ing, through neighborhood action groups, farm councils, and farmer cooperatives. Our schools arc rendering an important service. The rural church is awaking to its responsibilities. Youth has a devotion to democracy; a desire for economic security; an appreciation of the values of rural life. The Church must help young people to implement these and put them to work. The Christian Rural Fellowship is, in the words of Secretary John H. Reisner," serving the cause of the rural church by promoting Christian ideals for agriculture and rural life; by magnifying and dignifying the rural church and the rural pas­torate; by its interpretation of the spiritual and religious values which inhere in agriculture and rural life; by deepening man's sense of moral and spiritual obligation to the land; by fostering a spiritual fellowship among rural agencies, and by appealing especially to rural lay people in the \Vinter, 1942 interest of rural religion; by uniting Christian peoples, both at home and abroad, through fellow­ship and understanding to devotion to the rural church; and by providing through its monthly bulletins creative literature which stimulates and challenges the rural church and its leaders to a MOUNTAIN LIFE AND WORK Page 25 new appreciation of its vital significance to the whole church, and indeed to Christian civilization. The Christian Rural Fellowship is in the above ways helping to reinterpret and restate in con­crete terms the significance of rural life and its religious institutions in today's world." WHAT THE Y ARE DOING SOUTHEASTERN COOPERATIVE LEAGUE Leaders from the national cooperative move­ment joined with representatives of consumer co­operatives from Virginia to Louisiana in Atlanta, January 9th and 10th, to develop plans for ex­pansion of cooperative study and enterprise in the Southeast. It was the second annual meeting of the Southeastern Cooperative Education Associ­ation, henceforth to be known as the Southeastern Cooperative League. Every state in the Southeast was represented. More than 200 persons attended. A survey pre­sented during the meeting showed that 78 consumer cceperatives look to SCL for leadership, and twenty-seven of these made reports indicating a great advance in the strength and influence of the southeastern movement during the past year. Lee M. Brooks, professor of sociology at the University of North Carolina, was re-elected president of the League and Edward Yeomans, Jr., ef West Georgia College, was re-elected secretary­treasurer. Vice-presidents elected were C. B. Lccmis, professor of sociology, Piedmont College, L?emcrest, Georgia; W. A~ Shields, of Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Alabama; J. L. Reddix, pres­ident of Jackson College, Jackson, Mississippi; and Morris R. Mitchell, dean of education, State Teachers College, Florence, Alabama. Charles M. Smith, formerly field representative, was made executive secretary. The meeting opened with a discussion by Mr. Yecmans of the part which consumer cooperation can play in strengthening the Southern economy and of the program of SCL. He spoke of the need for the development of both producers' and consumers' cooperatives in order that the people of the South, who have long suffered from land- lordism and absentee ownership of industry, might win economic independence through preserving for themselves more of the values created by their own effort. Following Mr. Yeomans, Dr. Mitchell said: "The world is dying. The world is being born There is infinite peril in the process. National­ism, profit-seeking, money-power, isolation, im­perialism are being escorted out with the most tremendous funeral march ever imagined. No greater hope for the future exists than in such planning as we are now engaged in." E. R. Bowen, secretary of the Cooperative League USA, issued a warning against attitudes that lead to stateism and called for the more rapid development of consumer cooperatives. "We have in every community three buildings for the service of the people-the church, the school, and the town hall," he said. "They are all service, not profit, institutions. Now we are beginning to build in America a fourth building in community after community-a cooperative association-to serve the economic needs of all the people on a non-profit basis. The day is not far distant, I prophesy, when the cooperative will be looked up­on in the same light as the church, the school, and the government." The cooperatives of the region were then sur­veyed by Charles M. Smith for the League by C. C. Haun for the adult education cooperative pro­ject of the Conference of Southern Mountain Workers, and this was followed by reports from cooperatives represented at the meeting. Plans were made for pooling the purchasing power of the thirty-three consumer cooperatives in the Atlanta area, and a committee was appointed to develop a plan which might lead eventually to the establishment of a wholesale there. Page 26 MOUNTAIN LIFE AND WORK Addressing a session to which the public had been invited, Murray D. Lincoln, president of the Cooperative League USA, said: "Producer action has failed to solve our problems. Government action, because it is only a reflection of the desires of the big producer pressure groups, has failed for the same reasons. But consumer action has the seeds of our own betterment and is the one con­structive solution that we, as world citizens, can recommend to all people everywhere. "This group, right here today, has the oppor­tunity for leadership in the movement toward an economy of abundance. The times demand such leadership, and it will be forthcoming from one source or another. A group like this can step forward and take up the cudgels for plenty, and do it. Other groups will take the leadership if we do not, and the consequences will be drastic." Dr. Brooks, president of the SCL and a leading authority on the regional problems of the South, said: If we are an area of cultural inbreeding, of multiple deficiencies, and of cumulative handicaps, then we might well look to the reasons why we are so, and in addition, ob­serve why other regions with people so much like ourselves are so much better off than we are. If the cooperative movement explains even in part the progressiveness of the Middle States, if it explains so much of the advanced civilization of the Scandinavians, then we ought to look and listen and learn. But if we think we can look and listen and learn and let it go at that, we are much mistaken There must be a reaching out, a stepping out, to meet the needs of the region right where they are. If other people in this country, in Canada, and in democratic Europe have been able to do it, we can do it. On January 10th, the cooperative program of the Farm Security Administration was presented by M. E. Tisdale and M. H. Williams, represent­ing regional offices of FSA in Montgomery, Alabama, and Raleigh, North Carolina, re­spectively. Cornelius King, special assistant to the governor of the Farm Credit Administration, discussed the federal credit union program, and Udo Rall, consultant of the Rural Electrification Administration, discussed electrification cooper­atives. Discussion on these government programs was led by John Carson, Washington represent- Winter, 1942 ative of the Cooperative League, and was sum­marized by James Myers, industrial secretary of the Federal Council of Churches. As the final session, the new documentary film, "Here is Tomorrow," was shown to a large audience. This was followed by a panel discus­sion of "Cooperatives in a World at War," led by Mr. Lincoln, in which the participants were R. N. Benjamin, executive secretary of the Pennsylvania Farm Bureau Cooperative Association, J~ Max Bond, director of the school of education, Tuskegee Institute, Dr. Brooks, I. H. Hull, manager of the Indiana Farm Bureau Cooperative Association, and J. L. Reddix, president of Jackson College, Jackson, Mississippi. A radio program from station WGST, Atlanta, on Saturday afternoon carried talks by Mr. Lincoln, Dr. Brooks, Mr. Myers, and Mr. Yeo­mans. -Charles M. Smith BEREA OPPORTUNITY SCHOOL The Berea Opportunity School, under the direc­tion of Miss Mary P. Dupuy, met this year from January 6 to 26. Having been started by Miss Helen Dingman in 1925, this was the sixteenth session of the Opportunity School to meet on the Berea campus. For three weeks, men, women and older youth, with education and experience as varied as those of any cross-section of neighborhood life, became a little community of common interests. As all communities have a characteristic local life while a part of a larger commonwealth, so Opportunity School had its own identity closely interlaced with the larger life of study, labor and recreation of the college campus. The program had a natural division into study, skills and social life. For Opportunity School, "study" meant thoughtful attention, attitudes and conversation. Worship, talks, discussions, singing, filled the morning. The classes were without grades or textbooks and were so planned that intelligent folk of any school level could find enjoyment and profit. The leaders were members of the Berea College faculty who fit the courses to the interests of the group. These interests included appre­ciation of good books, stories, poetry; understand­ing of great religious truths; knowledge of current affairs; study of nature and practical science; problems of community life and citizenship. Yintcr, 1942 For one week, January 19-24, there was special training for those interested in Study Clubs. Mr. C. C. Haun, director of the Adult Education Cooperative Project of the Conference of Southern Mountain Workers, was the leader of this particular group. Afternoon hours were planned to meet prac­tical needs and tastes, for which Berea College, with its industrial arts courses and student in­dustries, is peculiarly equipped. Women were helped in handicrafts, homemaking, home nursing, wocdwork. Men had access to the college shops­electricity, motor mechanics, woodwork, printing -or to observe and find help in any phase of farming, through the college Agriculture Depart­ment, with its dairy and farm resources. Folk games, fireside games, reading, walks, campus trips, travel talks, informal parties filled the remaining time. Miss Marie Marvel worked with Miss Dupuy taking the responsibility for the folk songs and games, which she made delightful even to the least experienced. This year's Opportunity School group proved a .zost enthusiastic one. Its members were not only well prepared for the work that was given them but ready to share from their experiences, to ask questions and to take part in lively discussions. With Opportunity School training they are better fitted to be leaders in their own communities. THE PROGRAM OF PIEDMONT COLLEGE Piedmont has deliberately chosen to be a Chris­tian college. By "Christian" we do not mean merely operating a secular curriculum under Chris­tian auspices; instead, we are striving to develop a program so thoroughly organized around the Sermon on the Mount that every aspect of college life shall provide Christian experience. Our conception of this type of education is out- lined in the following statement of "Piedmont's f. Theses:" The responsibility of the Christian college is to train leaders who will rebuild the world in ac­cordance with the principles of the Sermon on the Mount. Each student must be so inspired and so skilled that he will express ever more fully the Christian principles in this unchristian world. The life of the Christian college must enable `,_,tudents to make those religious, social, and voca­tional adjustments that are required for a well- MOUN'I'AiN LIFE AND WORK Page 27 ordered, maturing, Christian personality. Each student must have ample opportunity to envision God at work in and through the cosmic process to enjoy wholesome relationships with members of the opposite sex, to develop ability to earn a good living. The problem of the Christian college is to origi­nate a process in which the needs and interests of the students shall determine the nature and scope of the curriculum. Each student must have a cur­riculum tailored not only to his present measure­ments but one that also encourages further growth and development. The program of the Christian college, while conserving the best in the curricula centered upon subject-matter or individuals, must be also com­munity-centered. Each student must be chal­lenged by unlimited and stimulating opportuni­ties to utilize the knowledge and experience of the past in solving the perplexing problems of the present. The emphasis of the Christian college in North Georgia must be to awaken and to implement the desire to live in the small towns and open country. Each student must acquire both a sense of com­radeship with rural people and reverence for the s*1 and the processes of nature. ol The success of the Christian college must be determined not alone by the knowledge students possess but also by the use that is made of the facts and theories at their command. Each student must be evaluated according to the degree in which he is a. developing as a person b. reconstructing community life c. spending leisure time recreatively d. maintaining and extending economic se­curity e. establishing and preserving happy home life h. After preserving, utilizing, and augmenting our social heritage appreciating art, music, literature, and nature nurturing a philosophy of life. two years of preliminary work, this pro­gram is now in full operation with the Freshman Class under the leadership of Dr. C. B. Loomis, formerly Director of the Greenville County Coun­cil. Our object is to center each student's attention Page 23 MOUNTAIN LIFE AND WORK Winter, 1942 upon the present clay, using the experience of the past as a means of understanding our world and as an aid in building a better civilization. With the needs and interests of the individual becoming the law of the program, it means that each student is having a maximum opportunity to gain the facts, develop the skills, and be motivated by the prin­ciples, that will insure effective and happy living. THE REVIEWING ON TROUBLESOME CREEK, by James Still. New York: Viking Press, 1941. 190 p~ $2.50. To the casual book-glancer, On Troublesome Creek is a collection of ten short stories, most of which appeared previously in magazines, and all of which tell more or less tall tales of simple life up and down creek on Troublesome, Kentucky. But James Still has more to tell than ten rollicking yarns from up the heads of the back­woods hollows. There are neighbors here, the proud walkers hauling their stuff out of the cave­cellar by night, Mother up-creek saving her boom­money for a cabin home and climbing up to finish the chimney herself, the widow Sula with the gold locket about her neck, and young Fern using her playhouse for a polecat nursery. Here arc fresh, vivid characters playing primitive scenes so naively that one loses all sense of America, 1941, and finds himself in the rarest world of fascinating originals; for in high imagining, Ark's dumb-bull sawed by night to rout the penned steers, and old Uncle Mize, act. 103, courting by mail, are in­imitable. But it is not only in the tallness of the tale that James Still excels. He is every inch an artist, who by times flourishes a long brush in furious sweeps, but again shades with a fine kitten-tip: Mother forbearing to look at the house Father had built, her face pale with dread, as well it might be, considering the paterfamilias's failings. Much of the language is concentrated folk-talk that charms by its realism without too much de­laying the tale; as when Grandpaw remarks that "hit's so far backside o' nowhere folks have to use possums for yard dogs and owls for roosters," or Piedmont is a small college and we intend to remain so in order to accomplish the task to which we have set our hand, i.e., to train leaders whose Christian idealism and intelligent realism will pro- vide some of the leadership the South so desper- I atcly needs. -MALC.OLVL BOYD DANA STAND the incidental comment of there being enough fiddlers at Miles Jarrell's "to curl the shingles." And in the midst of this primitive plain-talk there slip out phrases of beautiful dignity, as when the girl-child was recognized for a Buckheart "for she bore their presence"; or the Homeric touch in "wheel-brightened rocks"; or Mother's promise to Sula Basham, "I'll keep you in my head," and the widow's simple response, "I'll be proud to knov• it." Through the pages of story-telling come glimpses of super-rural life: the coffee-sack leggings, mud-splattered; the plates sopped of their mush; the 'lassy foam at the stir-off. There is also the brisk humor that gives such a tang to life, as when Uncle Mize remarks, squinting at the crowbirds, "I'd have a right clever farm if hit wasn't setting on one edge"; or the sight of baby on the bed blowing bubbles "and growing bigger'n the government." Here On Troublesome Creek is the flavor of life, language that keeps its native tang, sons of earth free of bell and bolt, choice, timeless johnny­walkers waiting for Jean-,[acqucs to ride by and call them blessed- -Elisabeth Peck FROM MY HIGHEST HILL, by Olive Tl I ford Dar0-an (Fielding Burke, pscud.). New York: Lippincott, 1941. 221 p. $3.50. "We can give you plenty of spring water, pickled beans, an' satisfaction." So it is with Olive Tilford Uargan's From. My Highest Hill, a presentation of the life of an open-eyed, open­minded, open-souled "lady farmer" living on mountain side "that rubbed the southern knees of~`~111LCI', 142 the Smokics, where they make their decisive quirk toward the setting sun." Here is one of the "satis­fyingest" books on the Southern Mountains which have come to our attention. Certainly not fic­tion, much like history, From My Highest Hill tells us of people thoroughly themselves, thorough­ly human, thoroughly discouraging to help, yet whose "sympathy and humor give courage and warmth" to an outsider. There is always something solid about country people, especially so about those who wring their sustenance out of hard soil and the seasons. One feels it even in a brief visit to mountain farms and settlements. Here in nine brief stories Mrs. Dargan discovers for us the simple annals of a group of poor dwellers remote from the canyons of our modern cities, remote from the mechanical­ly produced comforts and the stodgy minds of apartments and their inmates, but who are near­-,,cry near-the subsistence level of unambitious gardens, weed-filled pastures, water running cheerily in crock beds, dry humor, simply stated philosophies, and common loyalties. But not alone are the people of the book satisfy­ing and amusing, the country beautiful and ro­mantic; Mrs. Dargan's writing itself captivates our interest. Here is also the conscious-uncon­scious artist. Her observations arc keener than ever and her overtones delight us as we catch their s1, ificance and her own sly humor. These are they which quietly charm the reader into chuckles of mirth, into positive wonder at the author's power of expression, into a desire to visit her mountain farm to see if she be real. Who but a soul blessed with whimsy could speak of "ducklings that seduce the eye with their deeper dewniness and constant vibrations that seem to annex the air to their twinkling contours"? Or note that "Grandpa wore externality as a tree wears its barb, receiving all winds with passionless impartiality; but those winds of change were his breath of life"? And who of us dots not have in his experience a family like the Kanes who "were a deserving family tainted with inarticulate ambition"? "1 was glad," says Mrs. Dargan, "to have them as rather distant neighbors." If one is inclined to be "fed up" with trying to do something for the poor, if those we would help 'lo not seem to respond to our solicitousness, if our hearts become faint over trying to redeem human beings, From My Highest Hill is good MOUNTAIN LIFE AND WORK Page 29 tonic. It puts a check upon our nervous demands for immediate results; it releases the strain we feel for not having our ideas accepted as final for all men; it gives us a refreshingly new sense of pro­portion. The book easily stands alone, but its authen­ticity is enhanced by the fifty excellent photo­graphs by Bayard Wootten which make clearer "the spring water, pickled beans, an' satisfaction." -E. ,J. Weekes SINGING GAMES AND FOLK DANCES, col­lected and translated by ,John C. Campbell Folk School, Brasstown, North Carolina, 1941. 56 p. 60c. All who enjoy folk dancing will be interested in Singing Games and Folk Dances, collected and translated by the John C. Campbell Folk School. This collection contains twenty-three of the sing­ing games published in Singing Games Old and New (now out of print) and in addition, twenty folk dances. Singing Games Old and New was originally compiled to fill a recreational need in our Southern Highlands. The demand for this booklet, how­ever, has carried it far beyond the mountains of the South. Many of the folk dances were col­lected in Denmark in the summers of 1936 and 1939. Melodies are included and full directions. HOME ROOM GUIDANCE PROGRAMS FOR THE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL YEARS, by Mary E. Ford Detjen and Ervin W. Detjen. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1940. $2. Every thoughtful teacher of junior high school pupils knows the need for a carefully planned program through which the young adolescent may have an opportunity to develop desirable moral and ethical traits, and orient himself toward a suitable occupation. Too often our ideals in guidance and character building are left as hope­ful statements in the course of study, and are in­cluded in actual practice only as the day's work happens to offer opportunity. The authors of this book have worked out a comprehensive guidance program from grades seven to nine, using the home room as the means of reaching the pupils. Six major divisions of the work give detailed plans for an orientation pro- Page 30 MOUNTAIN LILPI:, AND WORK Winter, 194: gram: social, moral and ethical guidance, recre­ational and cultural guidance, general educational guidance, vocational guidance, and a more careful analysis of educational requirements for various occupations for the benefit of ninth grade pupils who are planning their senior high school work. Suggested activities for pupils, questions for class discussion, and bibliographies for each topic, make the treatment particularly useful for the busy teacher. Since the organization of material is planned for large city junior high schools, teachers in small communities will find much material not ap­plicable to their situation. The need for good manners and responsible citizenship, however, is present in all schools, and the practical suggestions listed by the authors should prove useful to a teacher interested in guidance and able to adapt the material to the particular needs of her pupils and their community. -Helen Crossen WHAT TO READ Reading hints for busy people, conducted by Glyn A. Morris "Education, the War and After" by E. George Payne, reported in the November, 1941, Education Digest from the journal of Educational Sociology gives a concise statement of this problem, around which the program of the Knoxville Conference has been planned. Another more detailed, treatment of this same problem is found in the American Youth Commis­sion pamphlet entitled Youth in Defense and Post­defense Periods by Dr. Floyd W. Reeves. As director of the Commission, Dr. Reeves is in a position to see the over-all picture as few others are, and his statement of the problem and of the suggested program for solution seems authentic and wise. Highly recommended. The Education Digest for December, 1941, con­tains a condensed report issued by the Educational Policies Commission on "The CCC, the NYA and the Public Schools," which advocates that NYA and CCC be discontinued as separate youth agencies and that their educational function should "be continued but transferred to state and local educational agencies." The report, valuable for its statements on the place of education in a democracy, can probably be secured by writing to the Educational Policies Commission, Wash­ington, D. C. Eugene Smathers suggests that there is an excel­lent discussion of folk culture and its restoration entitled "The Restoration of Rural Culture" by Carl C. Taylor in Catholic Rural Life Objectives. Mr. Smathers also recommends "Study Clubs: Democracy in Action" by Martin E. Schiber, printed in "The Land Policy Review, vol. IV, no. 5, May 1941. W. Gordon Ross recommends the following: A student recently asked "Does the Holy Spirit s'ke people today?" In the discussion following tri this timely question another student asked, "How does a person get the Holy Spirit to strike him?" Josh Billings said, years ago, that it seemed to him that the world was made up of slow Christians and wideawake sinners. A unique article ad dressed to this crucial question is "The Danger of Catching Fire" by Maurice W. Pogle, Christian Evangelist, January 8, 1942. It is true that re­ligious workers do need the Holy Spirit (to use religious language). It is true that they need to catch fire (to use the language of popular psy­chology). This article uses both languages very ably. William Bradford Huie has written "The South Kills Another Negro," American Mercury, November, 1941, which does something unique in a rather fine way. He does not indiscrim­inately condemn the South. The brunt of his criticism falls on himself. The undercurrent theme is a question from the Bible, Cain's question. An afterthought: these two articles really supplement each other. Jo Sinclair's "I Was on Relief," Harpers, Jan­uary 1942, is almost a poem, and very personal. It gives a look into a personality wrestling with the difficulties caused by the whole problem of relief. For those who want to keep up on theological discussion there is a whole symposium in the October, 1941, journal of Religion (Catholic an Protestant contributions). Winter, 1942 MOUNTAIN LIFE AND WORK Page 31 INDEX MOUNTAIN LIFE AND WORK VOLUME XVII A Adult Education Coopcratire Project C. C. Haun X\'11:1 Spring 41 p 20 Allen, Ruth A. Montgomery County Recreation Confercnee X\'II:3 Fall 41 p 23 Alpine Forest Resrrre Bernard M. Taylor XVII:1 Spring 41 p 11 Ambrose, Luther M. The Doctor Tries His Owm Pvescri/rlio» XVII:4 Winter 42 p 4 American Country Life Association, The Orrin L. Keener XVII:2 Summer 41 p 16 Armed With Broo»zsticks editorial XVII:3 Pall 41 p 10 A.cherillc Farm School's Port High School Department Arthur M. Bannerman XVII:1 Spring 41 p 12 Associate Arts Studio-Camp, The Gladys V. Jameson XVII:3 Fall 41 p 24 Bannerman, Arthur M. Asheville Par»z School's Post High School Gcjrartnzent XVII:1 Spring 41 p 12 Bannerman, Arthur M. North Carolina Far»z School Community, A XVII:4 Winter 42 p 11 Beach, Robert F. Book -Extension Services ill Eastern Kentucky XVII:2 Summer 41 pl Bellingrath, George C. A Georgia School Cor»r»nnly XVII:4 Win- ter 42 p IS Bcllingrath, George C. The School as a Community Crater XVII:1 Spring 41 p 7 Bent, George R. The Big Meadows Craft Shop XVII:3 Pall 41 p 24 Berea Opportunity School XVII:4 Winter 42 p 26 Big Meadows Craft Shop, The George R. Bent XVII:3 Fall 41 p 24 Bishop, Rirdena, Pi»r Mountain Community Group XVH:1 Spring 41 p 17 Book -Irate»cio» Sr•rr irws in Eastern Kerrtur-k7 Robert P. Beach XVIT:2 Summer 4( p I BOOKS REVIEWED Dargan, Olive Tilford Prom M1' Highest Hill XVII:4 Winter 42 p 23 Detjen, Mary E. Ford and 1? ruin W. Home Room C•nirTanrc Pro­grams for the Junior High School Year% XVII:4 Winter 42 p 29 Do You Know Labor? ,James Myers XVII:2 Summer 41 p 28 From My Highest Hill Olive Tilford Dargan XVII:4 Winter 42 p 28 Home Room G»irla»ce Programs for the Junior High Srlrool Years Mary I?. Ford Detjcn and Ervin W. Dctjcn XVII:4 Winter 42 p 29 Leadership for Rural Life Dwight Sanderson XVII:2 Summer 41 p 28 Myers, James Do You Know Labor? XVII:2 Summer 41 p 28 On Troublesome Creek James Still XVII:4 Winter 42 p 28 Peck, Elisabeth Tibb's Flooders XVII:2 Summer 41 p 30 Sanderson, Dwight Leadership for Rural Life XVII:2 Summer 41 p 28 Singing Games and Folk Danres XVII:4 Winter 42 p 29 Still, James O» Troublesome Creek XVII:4 Winter 42 p 28 Tibb's Flooders Elisabeth Peck XVII:2 Summer 41 p 30 Brown, Hope Caler Carving XVII:4 Winter 42 p 21 Campbell, Olive IY. A La»d Project XVII:1 Spring 41 p 16 Campus Cooperative, The Frank C. Foster XVII:1 Spring 41 p 13 Cawing Hope Calcr Brown XVII:4 Winter 42 p 21 Challenge fur Today, A Glyn A. Morris XVTI:4 Winter 42 p 8 Christian Rural Fellowship, The Orrin h. Keener XVII:4 Winter 42 p 22 CHURCHES Frarls Community Church Sawirr Center Eugene H. Rainey XVII:I Spring 41 p 14 Rural Ch»rc'h Committee Eugene Smathers XVII:1 Spring 41 p 24 Social Task acrd the Southern Ch»rrhc•.s, The Walter W. Sikes XVII:3 Fill 41 p 28 CONFERENCES Christian Knval Fellowship, 1•he Orrin L. Keener XVII:4 Winter 42 p 22 Laying Foundations for Peace and Sec»rity Walter W. Sikes XVII:4 Winter 42 p 1 Montgomery County Rcrreatio» Confere»re Ruth H. Allen X\'11:3 Fall 41 p 23 Social Task and the S0711hern (:h»rc-hrs, The Walter W. Sikes XVII:3 Fall 41 p 28 So»theastcrn Coopor-atire League Charles M. Smith XVII:4 Winter 42 p 25 Western North Carolina Health Co»fercrrre Margaret Forman XVII:2 Summer 41 p 22 Cooperatives and the Common Folk C. C. Simonton XVII:1 Spring 41 p 10 Cooperative Ednratio» ill the Southeast Edward Yeomans Jr. XVII:3 Fall 41 p 26 Coo/rrratirr Land Use Planning Theo L. Vaughan XVII:2 Summer 41 p 19 Cooperative Moremcrrt Mores South, The Edward Yeomans Jr. XVII:2 Summer 41 p 12 COOPERATIVES Adult Edrrrrrtio» Coojreratire Projrct C. C. Haun XVII:1 Spring 41 p 20 Campus Cooperative, The Frank C. Foster XVII:I Spring 41 p 13 Cooficratites acrd the Common Folk C. C. Simonton XVTI:I Spring 41 p 10 Cooperative Education in the Southeast Edward Yeomans ,)r. XVII:3 Pall 41 p 26 Cooperative Land Use Planning Theo L. Vaughan XVII:2 Summer 41 p 19 Coofrcrativc Movement Mores South, The Edward Yeomans Jr. XVII:2 Summer 41 p 12 \'otr.c on the To»v of American Coohrralircs C. C. Ilion XVII:3 Fall 41 p 11 Organized Working Together for Better Living George M. Nell XVII:1 Spring 41 p 5 Southeastern Cooperative Lragne Charles M. Smith XVI1:4 Win­ter 42 p 25 Cowan, T. B. World»g at Democracy in the South XVII:1 Spring 41 p 26 Cowley, R. H. A Tr-ibrrtc to William A. Worthington XVII:3 Pall 41 p 22 D Dana, Malcolm Boyd The Program of Piedrrro»! College XVII:4 Winter 42 p 27 Dingman, Helen H. Ecrcntiur Secretary's Report XVTT:I Spring 41 p 19 Doctor Tries His Own Presrri(rtiorr, The Luther M. Ambrose XVII:4 Winter 42 p 4 EDUCATION Asherillc Far»r Se-hool's Post High School Department Arthur M. Bannerman XVII:1 Spring 41 p 12 Berra Oh/rort»nity School XVII:4 Winter 42 p 26 Pale 32 MOUNTAIN LIFE AND WORK Winter, 1942 Cb«Ilr'»,t;r /or Torlrr), A Glyn A Morris XVII:4 Winter 42 p R IJortor Trios His Otcrt Prrar-riptio», Tlnr• Luther M. Ambrose XVII:4 Winter 42 p 4 Program of Picrl»ro»I CollrLr, TJw Malcolm Boyd Dana XiT11:4 Winter 42 1, 27 School as « C:o»r»t»»ito Center, Tlm George C. licllingrath XVII:1 Spring 41 p 7 Whither 1•o»fb Glyn A. Morris X\'I1:3 Fall 41 p 8 Errrrtv Co»t»r»»it)' Clmrro% Srrtirr C:r'»lor I?ugcnc H. Raincy X\'ll:l Spring 41 p 14 l:wcrttitr Srrrtl«r-)~'a Ro(rort Helen H. Dingman XVII:I Spring 41 p 19 Form Frrmil)I'Irrrr al R«b»» Gal)-Naroorhoc School, Tht, H. L. Fry XVI1:1 Spring 41 p 15 Forman, Margaret Woster» l\'urth Carolina Iloaltl« Co»frro»cr XV11:2 Summer 41 p 22 Foster, Prank C. The Camp»s Coohrrzttirr XVIl:I Spring 41 p 13 Friends of Me Soil Howard Kester XV11:2 Summer 41 p 9 Fry, H. I,. The P«r»t Family Plan at Raln»» Gati-Nacom-Ne School XVIT:1 Spring 41 p 15 G Georgia Sr/goo/ Co»r»t»»itp, A George C. Bellingrath X\'11:4 Win- ter 42 p 15 Gilliam, Sylvia Mountain 17«trr»«I Hr•rrlth l.r«,;»r XVII:I Spring 41 p 18 Glovicr, Anccta A. Health for tGr Highlands X\'II:3 Fall 41 p 17 H Hale, hula 1I. Pr«etir«I llomr•nrakirrg XVII:I Spring 41 p 18 Hammond, Ralph C. Hn»tr is Calling XVII:2 Summer 41 p 21 FIaun, C. C. Adult Frl»orrtio» Coo(rrratit'c Project XVII:1 Spring 4l p 20 Haun, C. C. h'olrs o» tlrr To»r of A»rcrir-rr» Coo/u•r«tit-os XVII:3 Pall 41 p I 1 Ilr•rrltb Cum»rillr•r Edwin 1?. White XVII:1 Spring 41 p 23 Ilmrllh for the Hi,qlal«»rl.s Anesta A. Glovicr XVI1:3 mall 41 p 17 HI:ALTH Health Co»t»tittr'r Edwin Fl. White XVII:1 Spring 4l p 23 Hcolfh for the Highlands Ancsta A. Glovicr XVII:3 Fall 41 p 17 Mountain Maternal llr«ltb Lr•rrg»r' Sylvia Gilliam XVT1:1 Spring 41 p 18 lY'rsh•r» North C«r-oli»« Flrrrllh (:o»tr'rtrtro Margaret Forman X\'11:2 Summer 41 p 22 Iliiltl«»rlrr Folk So%nul Myles Horton XVII:1 Spring A I p 15 Ho»tr is Cal/tug Ralph C. Hammond XVI1:2 Summer 41 p 21 Horton, Llylcs llighlartrlt•r Folk School X\'11:1 Sprirh 41 p I S I Iti»rrrr»t Rrrrr«tio» Srrtirr blaric ~%larvcl XVII:I Spr;ng 41 p 22 J lameson, Gladys \'. The Assoriatr Arts Studio-Crnrt, X\'II:3 Fall 41 p 24 K Keener, Orrin L. Tbr• A»nric«» Cou»lr)' Life Assot-intio» X\'11:2 Summer 41 p 16 Keener, Orrin I,. Thr• Cbri.,ti«» Rrrr«I Fellouship XN711:4 Winter 42 p 22 Kestcr, Howard Frit»ds of thr Soil XVII:2 Summer 41 p 9 Land L'rojrrt, rl Olive D. Campbell XVI1:1 Spring 41 p 16 Lrrpirrg Fo»»rlrrtiorrs for 1'r«rr and Ser-urit')' Walter \k'. Sikes XVII:4 Winter 42 p 1 I_IBRARII?S Book -1'elrvr.cio» Srrtirfs i» L«strr» Kr»t»rky Robert F. I3cach XVII:2 Summer 41 p 1 ~( Marvel, Marie Ili»r•rrr»t Rr•rre«tio» Srrr'wo XVTT:1 Spring 41 p 22 bIi»i»,Y Tnuvr, tl Eugene H. Rainey XVII:4 Winter 42 p 12 Mwrt,r;orn•r) Co»»t) Rerrtrrtio» C;urrfrre»cr Ruth H. Allen XVII:3 Fall 41 p 23 Morris, Glyn A. A Challenge for Turl«p X\'11:4 Winter 42 1, 8 Morris, Glyn A. Whithor Yo»/b XVII:i Fall 41 p R r1'lo»»tairt nlntrr»«l Health Lt'rr,r;rrr• Sylvia Gilliam XVII:I Spring 41 f' 18 Myers, James What's Behind flrt Ho«rlli»rs i» Labor Ntu_c X\'I1:2 Summer 41 p 26 h1)' Grdrtrl»tut6r'r Beryl \V -ikon X\'11:2 Summer 41 p 25 NATIONAL DLFENSL (:ror~i« Srlruol Co»rmu»it)', !1 Gcorgc C. 13cllingrath X\'11:4 U"inter 42 p 15 rbli»irre Camp, A I:ugcnc H. Rainey X\'II:4 \\'inter 42 p 12 National Fotrtb Ad»ri»istrrrtio» William H. \\'ooton X\'11:4 Winter 42 p 15 Norlb Cdroli»rr Farm School C:o»tmtruil), rl Arthur bl. Iimmtr­ man X\'11:-4 Winter 42 p I I Pl«trd» F«rmi»g Conr»runit), !1 Eugene Smathers X\'11:4 \4'inter -42 p 11 National Yotrtly Arl»ti»ialr«tio» William I-I. \\'ooton X\'11:4 Win­ ter 42 p 15 Null, George W. Orgn»i.rrl Working Together for G'rttrr Liri»g XV11:1 Spring 41 p 1 North Carolina Farm Sr-bool Com»tu»it)', A Arthur \1. I3anncrmin X\'11:4 Winter 42 p 11 Not,%, ort the Tout of Ar»orir«rt Coo%rrvtitr.v C:. C:. Ilaun XVII:3 Fall 41 p I 1 O OrSrrnitrrl 14"orkirtg Togrthr•r far •llrr X\'I1:1 Spring 41 p t I,it i»g George 'vI. Nell PICTURES I3ea»tif»l Garrlr», A XV11:2 Summer 41 p 10 Boss Swimming linoleum cut John A. Spelm:tn III X\'11:2 Sum­mer 41 p 23 Donoho, David photographs X\'11:3 Fall 41 1) 11 5 Grrrvr Shim»ri»gs cur thr• Sorghum Ho/r photograph David 1)ono­ho XVli:i ball 41 p 5 Ho»u°etrrrtl linoleum cut john A. Spelman III XV11:3 Fall 41 p 21 Indian Coo%errrlito, Bl«rk Kitrr Frrlhv, 1$'isr-rt»vi» XVII:3 Fall 4: p 14 1_ibrvr) at Hindman .Srttlr»ro»I St-boo/ X\'II:2 Summer 41 p 6 Ito«,lsirlr• Stop, Hn»trylrrrz' Book Tr»rk X\'11:2 Sommer 41 1) 3 S»otr' o» Krrttrrr-l,•) Ridgr linoleum cut John A. Sl,clman III X\'11:4 Winter 42 p 17 Spclman, .john A. 111 linoleum cuts X\'11:2 Sunnner 41 p 23; XVlla Fall 41 p 21; XVIl:4 Winter 42 p 17 Stir-Off A photograph David Donoho XVII:3 Fall 41 p 3 World's Lerst Cou(rrr«firr Rcfirtrr), Philliphurg. K«»c«s, XVf1:3 Fall 41 p 16 Pi»r J4o»»t«i» Com»runit)' Ciro»y liirdcna Bishop X\'11:1 Spring 41 p 17 Plateau Farming Gt»tmn»it3, !l Eugene Smathers XVII:4 Winter 42 p 11 Pr«otirnl Ho»ro»t«ki»g Fula M. Hale XVll:l Spring 41 p 19 Program of Pirrlmo»t Collrgr, Thr Malcolm Boyd Dana XVTI:4 Winter 42 p 27 Pulling O»r Folk Rr'ligiu» to Work A. I,. Robots, X\'11:1 Spring 41 p R R Raincy, f?ugmc H. 1 nlthrin,,, Tou» X\'II:4 Winter 42 p 12 Rainey, Eugene H. I.r'«rl.,, Community Church Scimc Got; XV LI :1 Spring 41 p 14 IZrcrtrrtio» Sr•rrirr• Frank H. Smith X\'11:1 Spring 41 p 21 RI::RFA'1'ION Itinerant Rrorealiu» Srrri-u Marie Marvel XV11:1 Spring 41 1, 22 Korre«tio» Scrt-irr• Prank II. Smith XVIf:I Spring 41 p 21 RELIGION Etrrt.s Co»tm»»itp church Sr•rtiro Crrttrr F,ugcnv H. Rainey X\'II:I Spring 41 p 14 Winter, 1942 MOUNTAIN LIFE AND WORK Page 33 Friends of the Soil Howard Kester XVII:2 Summer 41 p 9 Putting Our Folk Religion to Work A. L. Roberts XV11:1 Spring 41 p 8 Rural Church Committee Eugene Smathers XVII:1 Spring 41 p 24 Social Task and the Southern Churches, The Walter W. Sikes XVII:3 Fall 41 p 28 Roberts, A. L. Putting Our Folk Religion to Work XV11:1 Spring 41 p 8 Rural Church Committee Eugene Smathers XV11:1 Spring 41 p 24 School as a Community Center, The George C. Bellingrath XVII:1 Spring 41 p 7 SCF Keeps Mountain Children in School Alva W. Taylor XVII:3 Fall 41 p 25 Sikes, Walter W. Laying Foundations for Peace and Security XVII:4 Winter 42 p 1 Sikes, Walter W. The Social Task and the Southern Churches XV11:3 Fall 41 p 28 Simonton, C. C. Cooperatives and the Common Folk XV11:1 Spring 41 p 10 Smathers, Eugene A Plateau Farming Community XVII:4 Winter 42 p 11 Smathers, Eugene Rural Church Committee XVII:1 Spring 41 p 24 Smith, Charles M. Southeastern Cooperative League XVII:4 Winter 42 p 25 Smith, Frank H. Recreation Service XVII:1 Spring 41 p 21 Smith, Rockwell C. The Unity of Rural Culture XV11:1 Spring 41 p 1 Social Task and the Southern Churches, The Walter W. Sikes XVII:3 Fall 41 p 30 Southeastern Cooperative League Charles M. Smith XVII:4 Win- ter 42 p 25 Still, James The Stir-Off XVII:3 Fall 41 p 1 Stir-Off, The James Still XVII:3 Fall 41 p 1 T Taylor, Alva W. SCF Keeps Mountain Children in School XVII:3 Fall 41 p 25 Taylor, Alva W. U¢ a Kentucky Mountain Cove XVII:4 Winter 42 p 19 Taylor, Bernard M. Alpine Forest Reserve XVII:1 Spring 41 p 11 Tribute to William A. Worthington, A R. H. Cowley XVII:3 Fall 41 p 22 Unity of Rural Culture, The Rockwell C. Smith XVII:1 Spring 41 p 1 Up a Kentucky Mountain Cove Alva W. Taylor XVII:4 Winter 42 p 19 V Vaughan, Theo L. Cooperative Land Use Planning XVII:2 Summer 41 p 19 W Western North Carolina Health Conference Margaret Forman XVII:2 Summer 41 p 22 What's Behind the Headlines in Labor News James Myers XVII:2 Summer 41 p 26 White, Edwin E. Health Committee XVII:I Spring 41 p 23 Whither Youth Glyn A. Morris XVII:3 Fall 41 p 8 Wilson, Beryl My Grandmother XVII:2 Summer 41 p 25 Wooten, William H. National Youth Administration XVII:4 Win­ter 42 p 15 Working at Democracy in the South T. B. Cowan XVII:1 Spring 41 p 26 Y Yeomans, Edward Jr. Cooperative Education in the Southeast XVII:3 Fall 41 p 26 Yeomans, Edward Jr. The Cooperative Movement Moves South XVII:2 Summer 41 p 12 OUR CONTRIBUTORS A member of the faculty of Berea, LUTHER M. AMBROSE is very much interested in rural education and especially the problems of the one-room school. On leave from his regular classes in the department of Edu­cation he gave some of his theories a work-out. GLYN A. MORRIS is director of Pine Mountain Settle­ment School, Pine Mountain, Kentucky, and chairman of the Executive Board of the Conference of Southern Mountain Workers. ARTHUR M. BANNERMAN is superintendent of Ashe­ville Farm School, Swannanoa, North Carolina. EUGENE SMATHERS is the minister of the Calvary Parish, Big Lick, Tennessee. EUGENE H. RAINEY IS director of Evarts Community Church Service Center, Evarts, Kentucky. GEORGE C. BELLINGRATH is president of Rabun Gap­Nacoochee School, Rabun Gap, Georgia, and a member of the Executive Board of the Conference. WILLIAM H. WOOTEN is Administrative Assistant in the State Office of the National Youth Administration in Kentucky. "Snow on Kentucky Ridge" is the second in a series of four seasonal cuts made for Mountain Life and Work by JOHN A. SPELMAN III. ALVA W. TAYLOR, as notice appears elsewhere in this issue, is the new editor of Mountain Life and Work, and Executive Secretary of the Conference of Southern Mountain Workers. HOPE CALEB BROWN is one of a group of carvers in the Brasstown, North Carolina, community. WALTER W. SIKES, chairman of the committee in charge of planning the program for the 1942 Knox­ville Conference, is in the department of Bible and Philosophy at Berea College. CONFERENCE OF SOUTHERN MOUNTAIN WORKERS THIRTIETH ANNUAL MEETING KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE MARCH 10-12, 1942 Theme: Laying Foundations for Peace and Security Addresses and Group Discussions on Health-Education--Economic Resources-Religion. Fellowship Dinner

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